How and when to use citations and references

When do you need to reference?

1) When using a direct quote

A direct quote is used when
- "rephrasing the idea is not possible without altering an author's intended meaning, or
- when the idea has been expressed succinctly in subject-specific terminology."
  (http://olympus.csse.monash.edu.au/Tif/Contents/Using_Sources/Plagiarism/index.html)
Must use quotation marks " ".

2) When paraphrasing someone else's idea

Paraphrasing is discussing what someone else has written in your own words
This does NOT mean you can just change a couple of words here and there and say it is in your own words.
When paraphrasing, it is a good idea to discuss key points in a different order to the original text. This helps you think about what you have read.

3) When refering to a work that provides background information that is crucial to your work.
You should never copy large slabs of text!
You should read the source and then think about how it relates to your work

How do you reference?

There are many different styles in use.
For CSE1304 you will use only the Harvard system of referencing as illustrated in the examples below:

There are two parts to the Harvard System. You MUST include both in any written material you submit.

1) Citations:

Citations are the notes that you put in your text to indicate that you have used someone else's work.
They have a very specific format as shown below

2) References:

This is a list containing full publication details of any sources you cited in your text.
The list is included at the end of your article or report.
Each entry in the list must follow a very specific format as shown below.
This list is provided so that readers can follow up your research by reading the sources that you read.

The examples used in this lecture come from the following web page: http://www.lib.monash.edu.au/infotech/computer_science/comp-cit.html or from my own publications.

You are strongly advised to refer to these pages if ever you are unsure about how to cite or reference correctly. Remember to use the HARVARD system for CSE1304, not the Vancouver style.

General Example

Text containing citations

Over the past two decades there have been numerous computer models built for archaeological sites around the world. These have increased in size and complexity as the computing technology has advanced, allowing for the creation of more realistic models. An early example is the model of the city of Roman Bath, England, which was constructed by Woodwark (1991) in the early 1980s. Other models have been constructed for the Furness Abbey (Delooze and Wood 1991), the Hoffman Lime Kiln (Wood and Chapman 1992) and the Dresden Frauenkirche (Collins 1993; Collins et al, 1995).

Some of the first reconstructions to be attempted on Egyptian monuments were of the funerary structures of Pepi I at Saqqara, modelled by Jean Leclant's team from the French Archaeological Mission (Forte and Siliotti 1997, 32).

(The colours are not necessary, they are simply there to illustrate how each similarly coloured citation and reference pair go together.)

Reference list included at end of document

Collins, B. (1993), "From Ruins to Reality - The Dresden Frauenkirche", IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications, Nov., pp. 13-15.

Collins, B., William, D., Haak, R., Trux, M., Herz, H., Genevriez, L., Nicot, P., Brault, P., Coyere, W., Krause, B., Kluckow, J., & Paffenholz, A. (1995), " The Dresden Frauenkirche - rebuilding the past", in Wilcox, J. & Lockyear, K. (eds.), Computer Applications and Quantitative Methods in Archaeology, Tempus Reparatum, Oxford, pp. 19 - 24.

Delooze, K., and J. Wood. (1990), "1991 Furness Abbey Survey Project - the application of computer graphics and data visualisation to reconstruction modelling of an historic monument", in Lockyear, K. and Rahtz, S. (eds.), Computer Applications and Quantitative Methods in Archaeology, Tempus Reparatum, Oxford, pp. 141 - 148.

Forte, M. and Siliotti, A. (eds.) (1997), Virtual Archaeology, Thames and Hudson, London.

Wood, J. and Chapman, G. (1992) "Three Dimensional Computer Visualization of Historical Buildings with Particular Reference to Reconstruction Modelling", in Reilly, P. and Rahtz,S. (eds.), Archaeology and the Information Age. A Global Perspective, Routledge, London, pp. 123 - 46.

Woodwark, J., (1991), " Reconstructing History with Computer Graphics", IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications, January, pp. 18 - 20.

How to Format the Citations

If you are referring to a whole work (book/article/webpage):

Conway (2000) in his book on object oriented perl states.....
OR
A well known author of object oriented perl techniques states that.....(Conway 2000).

If you are only referring to a specific page (usually for a direct quote or specific discussion of an idea):

It is claimed that "object oriented perl is fantastic" (Conway 2000, 32).

If there are two authors:

Other models have been constructed for the Furness Abbey (Delooze and Wood 1991)....

If there are multiple (more than two) authors:

This paper (Codish et al, 2000) dicusses the thery of improving program analyses using a variety of methodologies.

If there are no authors (shorten the title if it is too long, but make sure it is still clearly identifiable):

This article ("New wireless LAN vulnerabilities uncovered" 2001) claims that....

When should you use page numbers?

When you are citing a direct quote.
When you are referring to an idea in a long text (more than 10 pages) that would otherwise be hard to find.
Anytime you are not simply talking about an 'entire' work, but a part of it.

(The following examples come from http://www.lib.monash.edu.au/infotech/computer_science/comp-cit.html. You are advised to look at this page in more detail if you would like more information. Only the very basics have been incorporated into this lecture.)

How to Format the References:

Books:

The information needed for the reference list is written in the following order:

Author's surname and initials or given name
Year of publication (in brackets)
Title of book (in italics if word processed; underlined if handwritten)
Edition, if given
Publisher
Place of publication

Conway, D. (2000), Object oriented perl - A comprehensive guide to concepts and programming techniques, Manning Publications Co., Connecticut, USA.

Jezequel, J.M., Train, M. & Mingins, C. (2000), Design patterns and contracts, Addison Wesley Longman Inc., Reading, USA.

Journal articles:

The information needed for the reference list is written in the following order:

Author's surname and initials or given name
Year of publication (in brackets)
Title of article (in quotation marks)
Title of journal (in italics if word processed; underlined if handwritten)
Volume number
Issue number, if given
First and last pages of article

Codish, M., Marriott, K. & Taboch, C. (2000), "Improving program analyses by structure untupling", Journal of Logic Programming, vol. 43, no. 3, pp. 251-263.

Meyer, B. (2000), "A constraint-based framework for diagrammatic reasoning", Applied Artificial Intelligence, vol. 14, no. 4, pp.327-344.

Web site - known author:

The information needed in the reference list is written in the following order:

Author/editor's surname and initials or given name
Date (in brackets)
Title of page (in quotation marks)
Title of site
online (in square brackets)
Available: URL
Accessed Date (in square brackets)

Johnston, J. (2000, Aug. 21), "Damian Conway talks shop", Perl.com Newsletter [online], Available: http://www.perl.com/pub/a/2000/08/conway.html [Accessed 8 August 2001].

Web site - no author:

The information needed in the reference list is written in the following order:

Title of page (in quotation marks)
Date (in brackets)
Title of site
online (in square brackets)
Available: URL
Accessed Date (in square brackets)

"New wireless LAN vulnerabilities uncovered" (13 August 2001) The Age [online], Available: http://it.mycareer.com.au/breaking/2001/08/13/FFXS2W25BQC.html [Accessed 14 August 2001].

E-journal - article:

The information needed in the reference list is written in the following order:

Author's (Authors') surname and initials or given name
Title of article (in quotation marks)
Title of journal in full (in italics if word processed; underlined if handwritten)
online (in square brackets)
volume
issue or part
first and last pages of the article
Available: URL
Accessed: Access date (in square brackets)

Codish, M., Marriott, K. & Taboch, C. (2000), "Improving program analyses by structure untupling", Journal of Logic Programming [online] vol. 43, no. 3, pp. 251-263, Available:
http://ezproxy.lib.monash.edu.au:2048/login?url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/07431066
[Accessed 14 August 2001].

Newspaper article:

The information needed in the reference list is written in the following order:

Author's (Authors') surname and initials or given name
Year (in brackets)
Title of article (in quotation marks)
Title of newspaper in full (in italics if word processed; underli ned if handwritten)
Date (eg. day month, 30th March)
page number (eg. p.5, pp. 2-3)

Jackson, A. (2003), "Killer illness sweeping region sparks alert", The Age, 17th March, p. 1.

Back to CSE1304 notes index | Previous page |

How and when to use citations and references

When do you need to reference?

How do you reference?

1) Citations:

2) References:

The examples used in this lecture come from the following web page: http://www.lib.monash.edu.au/infotech/computer_science/comp-cit.html or from my own publications.

You are strongly advised to refer to these pages if ever you are unsure about how to cite or reference correctly. Remember to use the HARVARD system for CSE1304, not the Vancouver style.

General Example

Text containing citations

Reference list included at end of document

How to Format the Citations

How to Format the References:

Books:

Journal articles:

Web site - known author:

Web site - no author:

E-journal - article:

Newspaper article:

Copyright ©; Monash University, Semester 1 2005