\begin{thebibliography}{} \bibitem[\protect\citeauthoryear{Allen and Garlan}{Allen and Garlan}{1994}]{allen94} Allen, R. and D.~Garlan (1994, August). \newblock {Beyond Definition/Use: Architectural Interconnection}. \newblock {\em {ACM SIGPLAN Notices}\/}~{\em 29\/}(8), 35--45. \bibitem[\protect\citeauthoryear{Arnold and Gosling}{Arnold and Gosling}{1996}]{JavaPL96} Arnold, K. and J.~Gosling (1996, May). \newblock {\em The Java Programming Language}. \newblock Addison-Wesley. \bibitem[\protect\citeauthoryear{Auerbach and Russell}{Auerbach and Russell}{1994}]{auerbach94} Auerbach, J. and J.~Russell (1994, August). \newblock {The Concert Signature Representation: IDL as Intermediate Language}. \newblock {\em {ACM SIGPLAN Notices}\/}~{\em 29\/}(8), 1--12. \bibitem[\protect\citeauthoryear{Birrell, Evers, Nelson, Oswicki, and Wobber}{Birrell et~al.}{1993}]{Digital116} Birrell, A., D.~Evers, G.~Nelson, S.~Oswicki, and E.~Wobber (1993, December). \newblock {Distributed Garbage Collection for Network Objects}. \newblock Technical Report 116, {Digital Systems Research Center}, {130 Lytton Avenue, Palo Alto, California 9430}. \bibitem[\protect\citeauthoryear{Birrell, Nelson, Oswicki, and Wobber}{Birrell et~al.}{1994}]{Digital115} Birrell, A., G.~Nelson, S.~Oswicki, and E.~Wobber (1994, February). \newblock {Network Objects}. \newblock Technical Report 115, {Digital Systems Research Center}, {130 Lytton Avenue, Palo Alto, California 9430}. \bibitem[\protect\citeauthoryear{Bloomer}{Bloomer}{1992}]{bloomer92} Bloomer, J. (1992). \newblock {\em {Power Programming with RPC}}. \newblock {O'Reilly \& Associates}. \bibitem[\protect\citeauthoryear{Brown and Kindel}{Brown and Kindel}{1996}]{DCOM96} Brown, N. and C.~Kindel (1996, November). \newblock Distributed component object model protocol - {DCOM/1.0}. \newblock http://www.microsoft.com/oledev/olecom/draft-brown-dcom-v1-spec-01.txt. \bibitem[\protect\citeauthoryear{D'Souza and Wills}{D'Souza and Wills}{1996}]{dsouza96} D'Souza, D. and A.~Wills (1996). \newblock {OOA/D and CORBA/IDL: A Common Base}. \newblock Technical report, {ICON Computing, Inc.} \bibitem[\protect\citeauthoryear{Exton and Chen}{Exton and Chen}{1996}]{exton96} Exton, C. and J.~Chen (1996, October). \newblock {Programming by Contract in a Distributed Object Environment}. \newblock In {\em {Proceedings of the International Symposium on Future Software Technology (ISFST-96)}}, pp.\ 272 -- 278. {Software Engineers Association (Japan)}. \bibitem[\protect\citeauthoryear{Exton, Watkins, and Thompson}{Exton et~al.}{1997}]{watkins97} Exton, C., D.~Watkins, and D.~Thompson (1997). \newblock {Comparisons between CORBA IDL \& COM/DCOM MIDL: Interfaces for Distributed Computing}. \newblock In {\em {Proceedings of the Conference on the Technology of Object Oriented Languages and Systems (TOOLS-97)}}. \bibitem[\protect\citeauthoryear{Freitag, Margaria, and Steffen}{Freitag et~al.}{1994}]{freitag94} Freitag, B., T.~Margaria, and B.~Steffen (1994, August). \newblock {A Pragmatic Approach to Software Synthesis}. \newblock {\em {ACM SIGPLAN Notices}\/}~{\em 29\/}(8), 46--58. \bibitem[\protect\citeauthoryear{Gosling and Steele}{Gosling and Steele}{1996}]{JavaLS96} Gosling, J. and Steele (1996, August). \newblock {\em The Java Language Specification}. \newblock Addison-Wesley. \bibitem[\protect\citeauthoryear{{GTE Laboratories}}{{GTE Laboratories}}{1995}]{x3h7} {GTE Laboratories} (1995, February). \newblock {\em {Object Model Features Matrix}\/} ({Version 10} ed.). \newblock {GTE Laboratories}. \newblock {X3H7-93-007-v10 (Draft)}. \bibitem[\protect\citeauthoryear{Hamilton and Radia}{Hamilton and Radia}{1994}]{hamilton94} Hamilton, G. and S.~Radia (1994, August). \newblock {Using Interface Inhertiance to Address Problems in System Software Evolution}. \newblock {\em {ACM SIGPLAN Notices}\/}~{\em 29\/}(8), 119--128. \bibitem[\protect\citeauthoryear{Hasslinger}{Hasslinger}{1997}]{Has97} Hasslinger, M. (1997, May). \newblock An introduction to {CORBA}. \bibitem[\protect\citeauthoryear{IONA Technologies}{IONA Technologies}{1997}]{Orb97} IONA Technologies (1997). \newblock {\em OrbixWeb Reference Guide}. \newblock IONA Technologies. \bibitem[\protect\citeauthoryear{Kande, Wittig, and Tai}{Kande et~al.}{1997}]{kande97} Kande, M.~M., M.~Wittig, and S.~Tai (1997). \newblock {On the Use of UML for ODP-Viewpoint Modeling}. \newblock In {\em {Proceedings of the Conference on Object-Oriented Programming Systems, Languages and Applications (OOPSLA-97)}}. \bibitem[\protect\citeauthoryear{Katiyar, Luckham, and Mitchell}{Katiyar et~al.}{1994}]{katyar94} Katiyar, D., D.~Luckham, and J.~Mitchell (1994, August). \newblock {Polymorphism and Subtyping in Interfaces}. \newblock {\em {ACM SIGPLAN Notices}\/}~{\em 29\/}(8), 22--34. \bibitem[\protect\citeauthoryear{Kong}{Kong}{1990}]{kong90} Kong, M. (1990). \newblock {\em {Network Computing System Reference Manual}}. \newblock {Prentice Hall}. \bibitem[\protect\citeauthoryear{Landis and Maffeis}{Landis and Maffeis}{1997}]{Maffeis97} Landis, S. and S.~Maffeis (1997, April). \newblock {Building Reliable Distributed Systems with CORBA}. \newblock {\em {Theory and Practice of Object Systems}\/}. \bibitem[\protect\citeauthoryear{Maffeis and Schmidt}{Maffeis and Schmidt}{1997}]{maffeis97b} Maffeis, S. and D.~Schmidt (1997, February). \newblock {Constructing Reliable Distributed Communication Systems with CORBA}. \newblock {\em {IEEE Communications Magazine}\/}~{\em 14\/}(2). \bibitem[\protect\citeauthoryear{Manola and Mitchell}{Manola and Mitchell}{1994a}]{Manola94} Manola, F. and G.~Mitchell (1994a, August). \newblock {A Comparison of Candidate Object Models for Object Query Services}. \newblock Technical Report {X3H7-94-32v1}, {GTE Laboratories}, {GTE Laboratories, 40 Sylvan Road, MS 62, Waltham, MA 02254 USA}. \bibitem[\protect\citeauthoryear{Manola and Mitchell}{Manola and Mitchell}{1994b}]{x3h7b} Manola, F. and G.~Mitchell (1994b, August). \newblock {A Comparison of Candidate Object Models for Object Quesry Services}. \newblock Discussion paper. \newblock {X3H7-94-32v1}. \bibitem[\protect\citeauthoryear{Martin}{Martin}{1996}]{Mar96} Martin, R.~C. (1996). \newblock A summary of a recent thread on comp.object. \newblock {\em Object Currents\/}. \bibitem[\protect\citeauthoryear{Meyer}{Meyer}{1988}]{Mey88} Meyer, B. (1988). \newblock {\em Object-oriented Software Construction}. \newblock International Series in Computer Science. Prentice Hall. \bibitem[\protect\citeauthoryear{Object Management Group}{Object Management Group}{1997}]{CORBA95} Object Management Group (1997, July). \newblock {\em The Common Object Request Brocker: Architecture and Specification\/} (Revision 2.1 ed.). \newblock Object Management Group. \bibitem[\protect\citeauthoryear{{Object Management Group}}{{Object Management Group}}{1997}]{CorbaGarbageRFP97} {Object Management Group} (1997, {August}). \newblock {CORBA Garbage Collector Service - Request for Proposal}. \newblock {OMG Document: 97-08-08}. \bibitem[\protect\citeauthoryear{Open Software~Foundation}{Open Software~Foundation}{1991}]{OSF91} Open Software~Foundation, I. (1991). \newblock Remote procedure call in a distributed computing environment. \newblock http://www.santix.de/dce/rpc.htm. \newblock {White Paper}. \bibitem[\protect\citeauthoryear{{Oracle Corporation}}{{Oracle Corporation}}{1996}]{oracle96} {Oracle Corporation} (1996, September). \newblock {Network Computing Architecture}. \newblock {Oracle White Paper}. \bibitem[\protect\citeauthoryear{Ornstein}{Ornstein}{1996}]{Orn96} Ornstein, D. (1996, June). \newblock Garbage collection in smalltalk/v. \newblock http://www.parcplace.com/support/vsesupp/TIPS/note2841.htm. \bibitem[\protect\citeauthoryear{Plainfossé}{Plainfossé}{1994}]{Pla94} Plainfossé, D. (1994, June). \newblock {\em Distributed Garbage Collection and Reference Management in the Soul Object Support System}. \newblock Ph.\ D. thesis, Université Paris-6, Pierre-et-Marie-Curie, Paris (France). \newblock Available from INRIA as TU-281, ISBN-2-7261-0849-0. \bibitem[\protect\citeauthoryear{Plainfosse and Shapiro}{Plainfosse and Shapiro}{1995}]{Pla95} Plainfosse, D. and M.~Shapiro (1995, November). \newblock A survey of distributed garbage collection techniques. \newblock In {\em Second Closed BROADCAST Workshop}, Bruxelles (Belgique). Broadcast Basic Research Action. \bibitem[\protect\citeauthoryear{Rational Software Corporation}{Rational Software Corporation}{1997}]{UML97} Rational Software Corporation (1997). \newblock {\em {UML} Semantics Glossary}. \newblock Rational Software Corporation. \bibitem[\protect\citeauthoryear{Roy and Ewald}{Roy and Ewald}{1997}]{Roy97} Roy, N. and A.~Ewald (1997). \newblock Inside {DCOM}. \newblock {\em DBMS Online\/}. \bibitem[\protect\citeauthoryear{Sankar and Hayes}{Sankar and Hayes}{1994}]{sanker94} Sankar, S. and R.~Hayes (1994, August). \newblock {ADL - An Interface Definition Language for Specifying and Testing Software}. \newblock {\em {ACM SIGPLAN Notices}\/}~{\em 29\/}(8). \bibitem[\protect\citeauthoryear{Schmidt}{Schmidt}{1997}]{Sch97} Schmidt, D. (1997). \newblock Overview of {CORBA}. \newblock http://www.cs.wustl.edu/~schmidt/corba-overview.html. \bibitem[\protect\citeauthoryear{Schmidt and Cleeland}{Schmidt and Cleeland}{1997}]{Cleeland97} Schmidt, D. and C.~Cleeland (1997, December). \newblock {Applying Patterns to Develop Extensible and Maintainable ORB Middleware}. \newblock {\em {Communications of the ACM Special Issue on Software Maintenance}\/}~{\em 40\/}(12). \bibitem[\protect\citeauthoryear{Schmidt, Levine, and Mungee}{Schmidt et~al.}{1997}]{schmidt97a} Schmidt, D., D.~Levine, and S.~Mungee (1997). \newblock {The Design of the TAO Real-Time Object Request Broker}. \newblock {http://www.cs.wustl.edu/~schmidt/corba-papers.html}. \newblock {This article will appear in the Computer Communications Journal, Summer, 1997}. \bibitem[\protect\citeauthoryear{Schmidt and Vinoski}{Schmidt and Vinoski}{1995a}]{schmidt95a} Schmidt, D. and S.~Vinoski (1995a, January). \newblock {Introduction to Distributed Object Computing}. \newblock {\em {SIGS C++ Report}\/}. \bibitem[\protect\citeauthoryear{Schmidt and Vinoski}{Schmidt and Vinoski}{1995b}]{schmidt95b} Schmidt, D. and S.~Vinoski (1995b, February). \newblock {Modeling Distributed Object Applications}. \newblock {\em {SIGS C++ Report}\/}. \bibitem[\protect\citeauthoryear{Shapiro, Gruber, and Plainfossé}{Shapiro et~al.}{1990}]{Sha90} Shapiro, M., O.~Gruber, and D.~Plainfossé (1990, November). \newblock A garbage detection protocol for a realistic distributed object-support system. \newblock Rapport de Recherche 1320, Institut National de la Recherche en Informatique et Automatique, Rocquencourt (France). \bibitem[\protect\citeauthoryear{Shapiro, Plainfosse, Ferreira, and Amsaleg}{Shapiro et~al.}{1994}]{Sha94} Shapiro, M., D.~Plainfosse, P.~Ferreira, and L.~Amsaleg (1994, September). \newblock Some key issues in the design of distributed garbage collection and references. \newblock In {\em Unifying Theory and Practice in Distributed Systems}, Dagstuhl (Germany). \bibitem[\protect\citeauthoryear{Stroustrup}{Stroustrup}{1994}]{Str94} Stroustrup, B. (1994). \newblock {\em The Design and Evolution of C++}. \newblock Addison-Wesley. \bibitem[\protect\citeauthoryear{{Sun Microsystems, Inc.}}{{Sun Microsystems, Inc.}}{1995}]{JVM97} {Sun Microsystems, Inc.} (1995). \newblock {\em {The Java Virtual Machine Specification}\/} (Version 1.0 ed.). \newblock {2550 Garcia Avenue, Mountain View, California 94043-1100 U.S.A.}: {Sun Microsystems, Inc.} \bibitem[\protect\citeauthoryear{{Sun Microsystems, Inc.}}{{Sun Microsystems, Inc.}}{1997}]{JavaRmiWhite97} {Sun Microsystems, Inc.} (1997, {August}). \newblock {Java Remote Method Invocation - Distributed Computing for Java}. \newblock {White Paper}. \bibitem[\protect\citeauthoryear{Tai}{Tai}{1996}]{tai96} Tai, S. (1996). \newblock {Object Abstractions and Rationales for Computational Modeling of CORBA Systems}. \newblock In {\em {Proceedings of the Conference on Object-oriented Programming Systems, Languages and Applications (OOPSLA-96)}}. \bibitem[\protect\citeauthoryear{Tai and Busse}{Tai and Busse}{1997}]{tai97} Tai, S. and S.~Busse (1997). \newblock {Connectors for Modeling Object Relations in CORBA-based Systems}. \newblock In J.~Chen, M.~Li, C.~Mingins, and B.~Meyer (Eds.), {\em {Proceedings of the Conference on the Technology of Object Oriented Languages and Systems (TOOLS 24)}}, pp.\ 323--332. \bibitem[\protect\citeauthoryear{{Telecommunications Information Networking Architecture Consortium}}{{Telecommunications Information Networking Architecture Consortium}}{1996}]{tina96} {Telecommunications Information Networking Architecture Consortium} (1996, July). \newblock {\em {TINA Object Definition Language Manual}\/} ({Version 2.3} ed.). \newblock {Telecommunications Information Networking Architecture Consortium}. \bibitem[\protect\citeauthoryear{Venners}{Venners}{1996}]{Ven96} Venners, B. (1996, August). \newblock Under the hood: Java's garbage-collected heap. \newblock {\em JavaWorld\/}. \bibitem[\protect\citeauthoryear{Vinoski}{Vinoski}{1997}]{Vinoski97} Vinoski, S. (1997, February). \newblock {CORBA: Integrating Diverse Applications Within Distributed Heterogeneous Environments}. \newblock {\em {IEEE Communications}\/}~{\em 14}. \bibitem[\protect\citeauthoryear{Wegner}{Wegner}{1997}]{wegner97} Wegner, P. (1997, May). \newblock {Why Interaction Is More Powerful Than Algorithms}. \newblock {\em {Communications of the ACM}\/}~{\em 40\/}(5), 80--91. \bibitem[\protect\citeauthoryear{Wilson}{Wilson}{1996}]{Wil96} Wilson, P.~R. (1996). \newblock Uniprocessor garbage collection techniques. \newblock {\em ACM Computing Surveys\/}. \end{thebibliography}