@Book{agha:86, authorkey = "AghaG", author = "G. Agha", title = "{ACTORS}: {A} Model of Concurrent Computation in Distributed Systems", publisher = "The MIT Press: Cambridge, MA, USA", year = "1990", } @InProceedings{lncs206*19, authorkey = "AghaG HewittC", author = "G. Agha and C. Hewitt", title = "Concurrent Programming Using Actors Exploiting Large-Scale Parallelism", pages = "19--41", ISBN = "3-540-16042-6", editor = "S. N. Meheshwari", booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th Conference on Foundations of Software Technology and Theoretical Computer Science", address = "New Delhi, India", month = dec, year = "1985", series = "LNCS", volume = "206", publisher = "Springer-Verlag: Heidelberg, Germany", } @InCollection{agha:88, authorkey = "AghaG HewittC", author = "Gul Agha and Carl Hewitt", title = "Concurrent Programming using Actors", editor = "A. Yonezawa and M. Tokoro", booktitle = "Object-Oriented Concurrent Programming", publisher = "The MIT Press: Cambridge, MA, USA", series = "Computer Systems Series", year = "1988", pages = "37--53", } @InCollection{aitken:95, authorkey = "AitkenAS SchmalhoferF ShadboltN", author = "A. S. Aitken and F. Schmalhofer and N. Shadbolt", title = "A knowledge-level characterisation of multi-agent systems", editor = "M. Wooldridge and N. R. Jennings", booktitle = "Intelligent Agents: Theories, Architectures, and Languages (LNAI Volume 890)", pages = "179--190", publisher = "Springer-Verlag: Heidelberg, Germany", month = jan, year = "1995", } @InCollection{anderson:90b, authorkey = "AndersonTL DonathM", author = "T. L. Anderson and M. Donath", title = "Animal behaviour as a paradigm for developing robot autonomy", editor = "P. Maes", booktitle = "Designing Autonomous Agents", pages = "145--168", publisher = "The MIT Press: Cambridge, MA, USA", year = "1990", } @InCollection{arkin:91, authorkey = "ArkinRC", author = "R. C. Arkin", title = "Integrating behavioral, perceptual, and world knowledge in reactive navigation", booktitle = "Designing Autonomous Agents", editor = "P. Maes", publisher = "The MIT Press: Cambridge, MA, USA", pages = "105--122", year = "1991", } @InProceedings{aylett:93, authorkey = "AylettR EustaceD", author = "R. Aylett and D. Eustace", title = "Multiple cooperating robots -- combining planning and behaviours", editor = "S. M. Deen", booktitle = "Proceedings of the 1993 Workshop on Cooperating Knowledge Based Systems (CKBS-93)", pages = "3--11", address = "DAKE Centre, University of Keele, UK", year = "1994", url = "http://www.salford.ac.uk/iti/projects/MACTA/papers/CKBS93.ps", } @InCollection{bailey:94, authorkey = "BaileyDL", author = "D. L. Bailey", title = "Automating business processes with software agents", editor = "O. Etzioni", booktitle = "Software Agents --- Papers from the 1994 Spring Symposium (Technical Report SS-94-03)", pages = "95--98", publisher = "AAAI Press", month = mar, year = "1994", } @Book{baron:95, authorkey = "Baron-CohenS", author = "S. Baron-Cohen", title = "MindBlindness", publisher = "MIT Press/AAAI Press", address = "Cambridge, MA", year = "1995", } @Article{bates:92, authorkey = "BatesJ", author = "J. Bates", title = "Virtual reality, art, and entertainment", journal = "PRESENCE: Teleoperators and Virtual Environemts", number = "1", volume = "1", pages = "133--138", year = "1992", url = "http://www.cs.cmu.edu/afs/cs.cmu.edu/project/oz/web/papers/presence\_1\_1.ps.gz", } @TechReport{bates:92b, authorkey = "BatesJ LoyallAB ReillyWS", author = "J. Bates and A. Bryan Loyall and W. Scott Reilly", title = "Integrating reactivity, goals, and emotion in a broad agent", number = "CMU-CS-92-142", institution = "School of Computer Science, Carnegie-Mellon University", address = "Pittsburgh, PA", month = may, year = "1992", url = "http://www.cs.cmu.edu/afs/cs.cmu.edu/project/oz/web/papers/CMU-CS-92-142.ps", } @InProceedings{bates:94, authorkey = "BatesJ LoyallAB ReillyWS", author = "J. Bates and A. Bryan Loyall and W. Scott Reilly", title = "An architecture for action, emotion, and social behaviour", editor = "C. Castelfranchi and E. Wemer", booktitle = "Artificial Social Systems Selected Papers from the Fourth European Workshop on Modelling Autonomous Agents in a Multi-Agent World, MAAMAW-92 (LNAI Volume 830)", pages = "55--68", publisher = "Springer-Verlag: Heidelberg, Germany", year = "1994", url = "http://www.cs.cmu.edu/afs/cs.cmu.edu/project/oz/web/papers/CMU-CS-92-144.ps", } @InCollection{bell:95, authorkey = "BellJ", author = "J. Bell", title = "Changing attitudes", editor = "M. Wooldridge and N. R. Jennings", booktitle = "Intelligent Agents: Theories, Architectures, and Languages (LNAI Volume 890)", pages = "40--55", publisher = "Springer-Verlag: Heidelberg, Germany", month = jan, year = "1995", abstract = "This paper brings together ideas from work on commonsense causal reasoning and work on formalizing attitudes, such as beliefs, desires, intentions and obligations, to provide the basis of a theory of changing attitudes. It takes the view that rational agents do not change their attitudes without reason, and aims to represent such changes in teleological theories. the infrastructure of these theories contain persistence rules which state that agents attitudes persist unless they have reason to change them. Theories giving the agents' reasons for changing their attitudes build on these. This leads to a discussion of rationality in resource-bounded agents and the paper concludes by outlining an AI-planning theory of rational agency.", } @Article{belnap:92a, authorkey = "BelnapN PerloffM", author = "N. Belnap and M. Perloff", title = "The Way of the Agent", journal = "Studia Logica", volume = "51", pages = "463--484", year = "1992", } @InProceedings{MAAMAW94*90, authorkey = "BijnensS JoosenW VerbaetenP", author = "Stijn Bijnens and Wouter Joosen and Pierre Verbaeten", title = "Language Constructs for Coordination in an Agent Space", pages = "90--105", ISBN = "3-540-61157-6", editor = "John W. Perram and Jean-Pierre M{\"u}ller", booktitle = "Proceedings of the 6th European Conference on Modelling Autonomous Agents in Multi-Agent World : Distributed Software Agents and Applications", month = aug, series = "LNAI", volume = "1069", publisher = "Springer-Verlag: Heidelberg, Germany", address = "Berlin", year = "1996", broken-url = "http://www.cs.kuleuven.ac.be/~stijn/PUBLICATIONS/maamaw-94.ps", } @TechReport{blythe:93, authorkey = "BlytheJ ReillyWS", author = "J. Blythe and W. Scott Reilly", title = "Integrating reactive and deliberative planning for agents", number = "CMU-CS-93-155", institution = "School of Computer Science, Carnegie-Mellon University", address = "Pittsburgh, PA", month = may, year = "1993", url = "ftp://reports.adm.cs.cmu.edu/usr/anon/1993/CMU-CS-93-155.ps", } @InCollection{bonasso:95a, authorkey = "BonassoRP KortenkampD MillerDP SlackM", author = "R. P. Bonasso and D. Kortenkamp and D. P. Miller and M. Slack", title = "Experiences with an Architecture for Intelligent, Reactive Agents", booktitle = "Intelligent Agents II (LNAI 1037)", editor = "M. Wooldridge and J. P. M{\"u}ller and M. Tambe", publisher = "Springer-Verlag: Heidelberg, Germany", pages = "187--202", year = "1996", url = "ftp://hobbes.jsc.nasa.gov/pub/korten/jetai.ps.Z", } @InCollection{bond:89, authorkey = "BondAH GasserL", author = "Alan H. Bond and Les Gasser", title = "Themes in distributed artificial intelligence", editor = "Alan H. Bond and Les Gasser", booktitle = "Readings in Distributed Artificial Intelligence", pages = "vii--xv", publisher = "Morgan Kaufmann publishers Inc.: San Mateo, CA, USA", year = "1989", } @Article{brooks:86, authorkey = "BrooksRA", author = "Rodney A. Brooks", title = "A robust layered control system for a mobile robot", journal = "IEEE Journal of Robotics and Automation", volume = "RA-2", number = "1", pages = "14--23", month = apr, year = "1986", url = "http://www.ai.mit.edu/people/brooks/papers/AIM-864.ps.Z", } @InCollection{brooks:90, authorkey = "BrooksRA", author = "Rodney A. Brooks", title = "A robot that walks: Emergent behaviors from a carefully evolved network", editor = "Patric Henry Winston and Sarah Alexandra Shellard", booktitle = "Artificial Intelligence at MIT, Expanding Frontiers", pages = "28--39", publisher = "The MIT Press: Cambridge, MA, USA", year = "1990", url = "http://www.ai.mit.edu/people/brooks/papers/AIM-1091.ps.Z", } @TechReport{bryan:91, authorkey = "LoyallAB BatesJ", author = "A. Bryan Loyall and J. Bates", title = "{HAP}: {A} reactive, adaptive architecture for agents", number = "CMU-CS-91-147", institution = "School of Computer Science, Carnegie-Mellon University", address = "Pittsburgh, PA", month = jun, year = "1991", url = "http://www.cs.cmu.edu/afs/cs.cmu.edu/project/oz/web/papers/CMU-CS-91-147.ps.gz", } @InCollection{burkhard:95, authorkey = "BurkhardHD", author = "H.-D. Burkhard", title = "Agent-oriented programming for open systems", editor = "M. Wooldridge and N. R. Jennings", booktitle = "Intelligent Agents: Theories, Architectures, and Languages (LNAI Volume 890)", pages = "291--306", publisher = "Springer-Verlag: Heidelberg, Germany", month = jan, year = "1995", } @InProceedings{burmeister:90b, authorkey = "BurmeisterB SundermeyerK", author = "B. Burmeister and K. Sundermeyer", title = "{COSY}: Towards a methodology of multi-agent systems", booktitle = "In International Working Conference of Cooperating Knowledge-Based Systems", address = "Keele, UK", year = "1990", } @InProceedings{bussmann:94, authorkey = "BussmannS DemazeauY", author = "S. Bussmann and Y. Demazeau", title = "An agent model combining reactive and cognitive capabilities", booktitle = "Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS-94)", address = "Munich, Germany", month = sep, year = "1994", } @InCollection{carbonell:90, authorkey = "CarbonellJG KnoblockC MintonS", author = "J. G. Carbonell and C. Knoblock and S. Minton", title = "Prodigy: An integrated architecture for planning and learning", editor = "K. Van Lehn", booktitle = "Architectures for Intelligence", publisher = "Lawrence Erlbaum Associates", year = "1990", } @InProceedings{carbonell:90b, authorkey = "CarbonellJG GilY JosephR KnoblockCA MintonS VelosoMM", author = "J. G. Carbonell and Y. Gil and R. Joseph and C. A. Knoblock and S. Minton and M. M. Veloso", title = "Designing an intergrated architecture: the Prodigy view", booktitle = "Proceedings of the Annual Conference on the Cognitive Science Society", year = "1990", } @InCollection{carley:92, authorkey = "CarleyK Kjaer-HansenJ PrietulaM NewellA", author = "K. Carley and J. Kjaer-Hansen and M. Prietula and A. Newell", title = "Plural-soar: {A} prolegomenon to artificial agents and organizational behavior", booktitle = "Artificial Intelligence in Organization and Management Theory: Models of Distributed Activity", editor = "M. Masuch and M. Warglien", publisher = "North-Holland", address = "Amsterdam, The Netherlands", pages = "87--118", year = "1992", } @InCollection{castelfranchi:95, authorkey = "CastelfranchiC", author = "C. Castelfranchi", title = "Guarantees for autonomy in cognitive agent architecture", editor = "M. Wooldridge and N. R. Jennings", booktitle = "Intelligent Agents: Theories, Architecture, and Languages (LNAI Volume 890)", pages = "56--70", publisher = "Springer-Verlag: Heidelberg, Germany", month = jan, year = "1995", } @Proceedings{castelfranchi:94, editor = "C. Castelfranchi and E. Wemer", title = "Artificial Social Systems -- Selected Papers from the Fourth European Workshop on Modelling Autonomous Agents in a Multi-Agent World, {MAAMAW}-92", number = "830", series = "Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence", publisher = "Springer-Verlag: Heidelberg, Germany", year = "1994", } @InProceedings{chaib-draa:94, authorkey = "Chaib-DraaB LevesqueP", author = "B. Chaib-Draa and P. Levesque", title = "Hierarchical models and communication in multi-agent environments", booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth European Workshop on Modelling Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Worlds (MAAMAW-94)", pages = "119--134", address = "Odense, Denmark", month = aug, year = "1994", } @Article{chaib-draa:92, authorkey = "Chaib-DraaB MoulinB MandiauR MillotP", author = "B. Chaib-Draa and B. Moulin and R. Mandiau and P. Millot", title = "Trends in distributed artificial intelligence", journal = "Artificial Intelligence Review 1(6)", number = "1", volume = "6", pages = "35--66", year = "1992", url = "http://iris.ift.ulaval.ca/publications/chaib/10.ps.gz", } @MastersThesis{coen:94, authorkey = "CoenMH", author = "M. H. Coen", title = "SodaBot: {A} software agent environment and construction system", school = "Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology", month = may, year = "1994", url = "ftp://ftp.ai.mit.edu/pub/users/mhcoen/aitr-1493.ps.Z", } @InCollection{cohen:94, authorkey = "CohenPR CheyerA", author = "P. R. Cohen and A. Cheyer", title = "An open agent architecture", editor = "O. Etzioni", booktitle = "Software Agents --- Papers from the 1994 Spring Symposium (Technical Report SS-94-03)", pages = "1--8", publisher = "AAAI Press", month = mar, year = "1994", } @InProceedings{Cohen:1995:CAA, title = "Communicative Actions for Artificial Agents", authorkey = "CohenPR LevesqueHJ", author = "Philip R. Cohen and Hector J. Levesque", booktitle = "Proceedings of the First International Conference on Multi--Agent Systems", pages = "65--72", year = "1995", publisher = "The MIT Press: Cambridge, MA, USA", address = "San Francisco, CA", editor = "Victor Lesser", url = "http://www.cse.ogi.edu/CHCC/Papers/sharonPaper/ourkqml8.pdf", abstract = "This paper considers the semantics of the agent communication language KQML. By using this language for communication, agents will be able to request and deliver services to one another. Indeed, numerous projects have shown how the language can profitably support interoperation among distributed agents. However, before becoming a widely-accepted standard, it would be worthwhile to examine the language in detail. This paper explores semantical issues raised by KQML, specifically the use of performatives for interagent communication. Numerous difficulties with the language are identified, and an attempt is made to point to their resolution. The paper illustrates the kind of semantics we believe to be necessary to characterize agent communication languages, and applies it to compose a question from a request and an inform. Finally, the paper discusses possible impacts to be felt on various KQML decisions from the semantical issues raised here.", } @Book{Cohen88, authorkey = "CohenPR MorganJ PollackME", author = "Philip R. Cohen and Jerry Morgan and Martha E. Pollack", title = "Intentions in Communication", publisher = "The MIT Press: Cambridge, MA, USA", address = "Cambridge, Ma", year = "1988", keywords = "abook", } @TechReport{connah:88, authorkey = "ConnahD ShielsM WavishR", author = "D. Connah and M. Shiels and R. Wavish", title = "A testbed for research on cooperating agents", number = "Technical Note 2644", institution = "Philips Research Labs", address = "England", year = "1988", note = "also short version in ECAI88", } @InProceedings{cremer:94, authorkey = "CremerJ KearneyJ PapelisY RomanoR", author = "J. Cremer and J. Kearney and Y. Papelis and R. Romano", title = "The software architecture for scenario control in the iowa driving simulator", booktitle = "Proceedings of the Coliference oil Computer Gellerated Forces and Behavioral Representation", address = "Orlando, Florida", institution = "Institute for Simulation and Training, University of Central Florida", year = "1994", } @PhdThesis{dabija:93, authorkey = "DabijaVG", author = "V G. Dabija", title = "Deciding Whether to Plan to React", school = "Stanford University, Departmerit of Computer Science", month = dec, year = "1993", } @Book{delcerro:1992, editor = "L. F. del Cerro and M. Penttonen", title = "lntensional Logics for Programming", publisher = "Oxford University Press", address = "Oxford, England", year = "1992", } @Proceedings{demazeau:90b, editor = "Y. Demazeau and J.-P. M{\"{u}}ller", title = "Decentralized {AI} - Proceedings of the First European Workshop on Modelling Autonomous Agents in a Multi-Agent World ({MAAMAW}-89)", publisher = "Elsevier Science B.V.: Amsterdam, Netherland", year = "1990", } @Proceedings{demazeau:91b, editor = "Y. Demazeau and J.-P. M{\"{u}}ller", title = "Decentralized {AI} 2 - Proceedings of the Second European Workshop on Modelling Autonomous Agents in a Multi-Agent World ({MAAMAW}-90)", publisher = "Elsevier Science B.V.: Amsterdam, Netherland", year = "1991", } @InCollection{doran:92, authorkey = "DoranJ", author = "J. Doran", title = "Distributed {AI} and its applications", booktitle = "Advanced Topics in Artificial Intelligence (LNAI Volume 617)", pages = "368--372", publisher = "Springer-Verlag: Heidelberg, Germany", year = "1992", } @InCollection{drogoul:95, authorkey = "DrogoulA CorbaraB LalandeS", author = "A. Drogoul and B. Corbara and S. Lalande", title = "{MANTA}: New experimental results on the emergence of (artificial) ant societies", editor = "N. Gilbert and R. Conte", booktitle = "Artificial Societies: The Computer Simulation of Social Life", pages = "190--211", publisher = "UCL Press", address = "London", year = "1995", } @InProceedings{drummond:90, authorkey = "DrummondME KaelblingLP", author = "M. E. Drummond and L. P. Kaelbling", title = "Integrated agent architectures: Benchmark tasks and evaluation metrics", booktitle = "Proceedings of the DARPA Workshop on Innovative Approaches to Planning, Scheduling, and Control", pages = "408--411", publisher = "Morgan Kaufmann publishers Inc.: San Mateo, CA, USA", year = "1990", } @InCollection{dunin-keplicz:95, authorkey = "Dunin-KepliczB TreurJ", author = "B. Dunin-Keplicz and J. Treur", title = "Compositional formal specification of multi-agent systems", editor = "M. Wooldridge and N. R. Jennings", booktitle = "Intelligent Agents: Theories, Architectures, and Languages (LNAI Volume 890)", pages = "102--117", publisher = "Springer-Verlag: Heidelberg, Germany", month = jan, year = "1995", url = "http://www.cs.vu.nl/~wai/Papers/ATAL94.formspec26.ps", } @InProceedings{durfeegmytrasiewicz92, authorkey = "DurfeeEH GmytrasiewiczP", author = "E. H. Durfee and P. Gmytrasiewicz", title = "Truth, Lies, Belief and Disbelief in Communication between Autonomous Agents", booktitle = "Working Papers of the 11th International Workshop on Distributed Artificial Intelligence", publisher = "Glen Arbor, MI", pages = "107--126", year = "1992", } @Misc{fipa1:97, author = "Foundation for Intelligent Physical Agents", title = "{FIPA} 97 Specification Part 1: Agent Management", note = "Version 2.0", month = oct, year = "1998", url = "http://www.fipa.org/spec/f8a21.doc", } @Misc{fipa2:97, author = "Foundation for Intelligent Physical Agents", title = "{FIPA} 97 Specification Part 2: Agent Communication Language", note = "Version 2.0", month = oct, year = "1997", url = "http://www.fipa.org/spec/f8a22.zip", } @Misc{fipa3:97, author = "Foundation for Intelligent Physical Agents", title = "{FIPA} 97 Specification Part 3: Agent Software Integration", note = "Version 1.0", month = oct, year = "1997", url = "ftp://ftp.fipa.org/Specs/FIPA97/f7a13pdf.zip", } @Misc{fipa4:97, author = "Foundation for Intelligent Physical Agents", title = "{FIPA} 97 Specification Part 4: Personal Travel Assistance", note = "Version 1.0", year = "1997", url = "ftp://ftp.fipa.org/Specs/FIPA97/f7a14pdf.zip", } @Misc{fipa5:97, author = "Foundation for Intelligent Physical Agents", title = "{FIPA} 97 Specification Part 5: Personal Assistant", note = "Version 1.0", month = oct, year = "1997", url = "ftp://ftp.fipa.org/Specs/FIPA97/f7a15pdf.zip", } @Misc{fipa6:97, author = "Foundation for Intelligent Physical Agents", title = "{FIPA} 97 Specification Part 6: Audio/Video Entertainment and Broadcasting", note = "Version 1.0", year = "1997", url = "ftp://ftp.fipa.org/Specs/FIPA97/f7a16pdf.zip", } @Misc{fipa7:97, author = "Foundation for Intelligent Physical Agents", title = "{FIPA} 97 Specification Part 7: Network Management and Provisioning", note = "Version 1.0", year = "1997", url = "ftp://ftp.fipa.org/Specs/FIPA97/f7a17pdf.zip", } @Misc{fipa98:13, author = "Foundation for Intelligent Physical Agents", title = "{FIPA 98 Specification Part 13: Developers Guide}", note = "Version 1.0", year = "1998", month = oct, url = "http://www.fipa.org/spec/fipa8a29.zip", } @Misc{fipa98:12, author = "Foundation for Intelligent Physical Agents", title = "{FIPA 98 Specification Part 12: Ontology Service}", note = "Version 1.0", year = "1998", month = oct, url = "http://www.fipa.org/spec/fipa8a28.zip", } @Misc{fipa98:11, author = "Foundation for Intelligent Physical Agents", title = "{FIPA 98 Specification Part 11: Agent Management support for Mobility}", note = "Version 1.0", year = "1998", month = oct, url = "http://www.fipa.org/spec/fipa8a27.doc", } @Misc{fipa98:10, author = "Foundation for Intelligent Physical Agents", title = "{FIPA 98 Specification Part 10: Agent Security Management}", note = "Version 1.0", year = "1998", month = oct, url = "http://www.fipa.org/spec/fipa8a26.doc", } @Misc{fipa98:8, author = "Foundation for Intelligent Physical Agents", title = "{FIPA 98 Specification Part 8: Human-Agent Interaction}", note = "Version 1.0", year = "1998", month = oct, url = "http://www.fipa.org/spec/fipa8a24.zip", } @Misc{fipa98:1, author = "Foundation for Intelligent Physical Agents", title = "{FIPA 98 Specification Part 1: Agent Management}", note = "Version 1.0", year = "1998", month = oct, url = "http://www.fipa.org/spec/fipa8a23.doc", } @InProceedings{durfee:93, authorkey = "DurfeeE LeeJ GmytrasiewiczPJ", author = "E. Durfee and J. Lee and P. J. Gmytrasiewicz", title = "Overeager reciprocal rationality and mixed strategy equilibria", booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th International Workshop on Distributed Artificial Intelligence", pages = "109--129", address = "Hidden Valley, Pennsylvania", month = may, year = "1993", url = "ftp://ftp.eecs.umich.edu/people/durfee/aaai93.ps.Z", } @Article{durfee:91, authorkey = "DurfeeEH", author = "E. H. Durfee", title = "The distributed artificial intelligence melting pot", journal = "IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics (Special Section on DAI)", volume = "21", number = "6", month = nov # "/" # dec, year = "1991", pages = "1301--1306", url = "ftp://ftp.eecs.umich.edu/people/durfee/smc-dai91intro.ps.Z", } @InProceedings{Durfee:1989:MFT, authorkey = "DurfeeE MontgomeryT", author = "E. Durfee and T. Montgomery", title = "{MICE}: {A} Flexible Testbed for Intelligent Coordination Experiments", booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth Workshop on Distributed AI", year = "1989", address = "Rosario, Washington", month = sep, pages = "25--40", url = "ftp://ftp.eecs.umich.edu/people/durfee/daiw89.ps.Z", } @InProceedings{AAAI::DurfeeM1990, title = "A Hierarchical Protocol for Coordinating Multiagent Behaviors", authorkey = "DurfeeEH MontgomeryTA", author = "E. H. Durfee and T. A. Montgomery", editor = "T. S. W. Dietterich", booktitle = "Proceedings of the 8th National Conference on Artificial Intelligence", address = "Hynes Convention Centre", month = jul # "--" # aug, year = "1990", publisher = "The MIT Press: Cambridge, MA, USA", pages = "86--93", url = "ftp://ftp.eecs.umich.edu/people/durfee/aaai90.ps.Z", } @InProceedings{sendurfee92a, authorkey = "SenS DurfeeEH", author = "S. Sen and E. H. Durfee", title = "Automated Meeting Scheduling among Heterogeneous Agents", booktitle = "Workshop Notes: Cooperation Among Heterogeneous Intelligent Systems", year = "1992", pages = "116--120", organization = "AAAI-92", address = "San Jose Convention Center, CA", month = jul, } @InProceedings{Gmytrasiewicz:1993:RAO, title = "Reasoning About Other Agents: {P}hilosophy, Theory, and Implementation", authorkey = "GmytrasiewiczPJ DurfeeEH", author = "Piotr J. Gmytrasiewicz and Edmund H. Durfee", pages = "143--153", booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th International Workshop on Distributed Artificial Intelligence", month = may, year = "1993", address = "Hidden Valley, Pennsylvania", } @InProceedings{durfee:94, authorkey = "DurfeeEH RosenscheinJ", author = "E. H. Durfee and J. Rosenschein", title = "Distributed problem solving and multiagent systems: Comparisons and examples", editor = "M. Klein", booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Workshop on DAI", pages = "94--104", address = "Lake Quinalt, WA", year = "1994", url = "ftp://ftp.huji.ac.il/users/jeff/dai94edjeff.ps.gz", } @InProceedings{elsaesser:94, authorkey = "ElsaesserC SlackMG", author = "C. Elsaesser and M. G. Slack", title = "Deliberative planning in a robot architecture", booktitle = "Proceedings of the AIAAINASA Conference on Intelligent Robots in Field, Factory, Senyice, and Space", year = "1994", } @PhdThesis{ferguson:phd, authorkey = "FergusonIA", author = "I. A. Ferguson", title = "TouringMachines: An Architecture for Dynamic, Rational, Mobile Agents", school = "Computer Laboratory, University of Cambridge", address = "UK", year = "1992", url = "http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/ftp/papers/reports/TR273-iaf-thesis.ps.gz", } @InCollection{ferguson:95, authorkey = "FergusonIA", author = "I. A. Ferguson", title = "Integrated control and coordinated behaviour", editor = "M. J. Wooldridge and N. R. Jennings", booktitle = "Intelligent Agents - Theories, Architectures, and Languages, volume 890 of Lecture Notes in AI", publisher = "Springer-Verlag: Heidelberg, Germany", month = jan, year = "1995", url = "ftp://ai.iit.nrc.ca/pub/ksl-papers/NRC-38329.pdf", abstract = "This paper presents a new architecture for controlling autonomous agents in dynamic multi-agent worlds, building on previous work addressing reactive and deliberative control methods. The proposed multi-layered architecture allows a rationally bounded, goal-directed agent to reason predictively about potential conflicts by constructing causal theories which explain other agents' observed behaviors and hypothesize their intentions; at the same time it enables the agent to operate autonomously and to react promptly to changes in its real-time environment. A principal aim of this research is to understand the role different functional capabilities play in constraining an agent's behavior under varying environmental conditions. To this end, an experimental testbed has been constructed comprising a simulated multi-agent world in which a variety of agent configurations and behaviors have been investigated. A number of experimental findings are reported.", } @InProceedings{fischer:93, authorkey = "FischerK", author = "K. Fischer", title = "The Rule-based Multi-Agent System {MAGSY}", booktitle = "Proceedings of the CKBS'92 Workshop", institution = "Keele University", year = "1993", url = "ftp://ftp.dfki.uni-sb.de/pub/MAGSY/Papers/CKBS92.ps.gz", } @Proceedings{fischer:94, editor = "K. Fischer and G. M. P. O'Hare", title = "International Workshop on Decision Theory for {DAI} Applications", address = "Amsterdam, The Netherlands", year = "1994", note = "ECAI'94", } @InProceedings{fisher:94b, authorkey = "FisherM", author = "M. Fisher", title = "A survey of Concurrent \textsc{MetateM} --- the language and its applications", editor = "D. M. Gabbay and H. J. Ohlbach", booktitle = "Temporal Logic - Proceedings of the First Intemational Conference (LNAI Volume 827)", pages = "480--505", publisher = "Springer-Verlag: Heidelberg, Germany", month = jul, year = "1994", url = "http://www.doc.mmu.ac.uk/STAFF/michael/mdf-pubs/ictl94-survey.ps", } @InProceedings{fischer:95b, authorkey = "FisherM", author = "M. Fisher", title = "Representing and executing agent-based systems", editor = "M. Wooldridge and N. R. Jennings", booktitle = "Intelligent Agents: Theories, Architectures, and Languages (LNAI Volume 890)", pages = "307--323", publisher = "Springer-Verlag: Heidelberg, Germany", month = jan, year = "1995", url = "http://www.doc.mmu.ac.uk/STAFF/michael/mdf-pubs/ecai94lnai.ps", } @InCollection{fisher:95c, authorkey = "FisherM", author = "M. Fisher", title = "Towards a semantics for Concurrent \textsc{MetateM}", editor = "M. Fisher and R. Owens", booktitle = "Executable Modal and Temporal Logics", publisher = "Springer-Verlag: Heidelberg, Germany", year = "1995", url = "http://www.doc.mmu.ac.uk/STAFF/michael/mdf-pubs/extol93-tlr.ps", } @InProceedings{fischer:93b, authorkey = "FisherM WooldridgeM", author = "M. Fisher and M. Wooldridge", title = "Executable temporal logic for distributed {AI}", booktitle = "Proceedings of the Twelfth International Workshop on Distributed Artificial Intelligence (IWDAI93)", pages = "131--142", address = "Hidden Valley, PA", month = may, year = "1993", url = "http://www.elec.qmw.ac.uk/dai/people/mikew/pubs/iwdai93.ps", } @InProceedings{fischer:93e, authorkey = "FisherM WooldridgeM", author = "M. Fisher and M. Wooldridge", title = "Specifying and verifying distributed intelligent systems", editor = "M. Filgueiras and L. Damas", booktitle = "Progress in Artificial Intelligence - Sixth Portuguese Conference on Artificial Intelligence (LNAI Volume 727)", pages = "13--28", publisher = "Springer-Verlag: Heidelberg, Germany", month = oct, year = "1993", url = "http://www.elec.qmw.ac.uk/dai/people/mikew/pubs/epia93.ps", } @InCollection{fischer:95d, authorkey = "FisherM WooldridgeM", author = "M. Fisher and M. Wooldridge", title = "A logical approach to simulating societies", editor = "N. Gilbert and R. Conte", booktitle = "Artificial Societies: The Computer Simulation of Social Life", pages = "268--284", publisher = "UCL Press", address = "London", year = "1995", url = "http://www.doc.mmu.ac.uk/STAFF/michael/mdf-pubs/simsoc93.ps", note = "Electronically available paper is preliminary version presented at Second International Workshop on Simulating Societies.", } @PhdThesis{galliers:88, authorkey = "GalliersJR", author = "J. R. Galliers", title = "A Theoretical Framework for Computer Models of Cooperative Dialogue, Acknowledging Multi-Agent Conflict", school = "Open University", address = "UK", year = "1988", abstract = "This thesis describes a theoretical framework for modelling cooperative dialogue. The linguistic theory is a version of speech act theory adopted from Cohen and Levesque, in which dialogue utterances are generated and interpreted pragmatically in the context of a theory of rational interaction. The latter is expressed as explicitly and formally represented principles of rational agenthood and cooperative interaction. The focus is the development of strategic principles of multi-agent interaction as such a basis for cooperative dialogue. In contrast to the majority of existing work, these acknowledge the positive role of conflict to multi-agent cooperation, and make no assumptions regarding the benevolence and sincerity of agents. The result is a framework wherein agents can resolve conflicts by negotiation. It is a preliminary stage to the future building of computer models of cooperative dialogue for both HCI and DAI, which will therefore be more widely and generally applicable than those currently in existence. The theory of conflict and cooperation is expressed in the different patterns of mental states which characterize multi-agent conflict, cooperation and indifference as three alternative postural relations. Agents can recognize and potentially create these. Dialogue actions are the strategic tools with which mental states can be manipulated, whilst acknowledging that agents are autonomous over their mental states; they have control over what they acquire and reveal in dialogue. Strategic principles of belief and goal adoption are described in terms of the relationships between autonomous agents' beliefs, goals, preferences, and interests, and the relation of these to action. Veracity, mendacity, concealing and revealing are defined as properties of acts. The role of all these elements in reasoning about dialogue action and conflict resolution, is testea in analyses of two example dialogues; a record of a real trade union negotiation and an extract from ``Othello'' by Shakespeare.", } @InCollection{gasser:92, authorkey = "GasserL BriotJP", author = "L. Gasser and J. P. Briot", title = "Object-based Concurrent Programming and Distributed Artificial Intelligence", booktitle = "Distributed Artificial Intelligence: Theory and Praxis", pages = "81--108", publisher = "Kluwer Academic publishers", address = "Boston, MA", year = "1992", url = "ftp://ftp.yl.is.s.u-tokyo.ac.jp/pub/members/briot/papers/obcp2dai-dai-kluwer92.ps.gz", } @Book{gasser:89, authorkey = "GasserL HuhnsMN", author = "L. Gasser and M. N. Huhns", title = "Distributed Artificial Intelligence, Volume {II}", series = "Research Notes in Artificial Intelligence", publisher = "Morgan Kaufmann publishers Inc.: San Mateo, CA, USA", year = "1989", } @InProceedings{gat:91, authorkey = "GatE", author = "E. Gat", title = "Alfa: a language for programming reactive robotic control systems", booktitle = "Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Robotics and Automation", year = "1991", } @PhdThesis{gat:91b, authorkey = "GatE", author = "E. Gat", title = "Reliable Goal-directed Reactive Control for Real-World Autonomous Mobile Robots", school = "Virginia Polytechnic and State University", address = "Blacksburg, Virginia", year = "1991", } @InProceedings{gat:92, authorkey = "GatE", author = "E. Gat", title = "Integrating planning and reacting in a heterogeneous asynchronous architecture for controlling real-world mobile robots", booktitle = "Proceedings of AAAI'92", pages = "809--815", year = "1992", abstract = "This paper presents a heterogeneous, asynchronous architecture for controlling autonomous mobile robots which is capable of controlling a robot performing multiple tasks in real time in noisy, unpredictable environments. The architecture produces behavior which is reliable, task-directed (and taskable), and reactive to contingencies. Experiments on real and simulated real-world robots are described. The architecture smoothly integrates planning and reacting by performing these two functions asynchronously using heterogeneous architectural elements, and using the results of planning to guide the robot's actions but not to control them directly. The architecture can thus be viewed as a concrete implementation of Agre and Chapman's plans-as-communications theory. The central result of this work is to show that completely unmodified classical AI programming methodologies using centralized world models can be usefully incorporated into real-world embedded reactive systems.", } @InProceedings{georgeff:89, authorkey = "GeorgeffMP IngrandFF", author = "Michael P. Georgeff and F{\'e}lix F. Ingrand", title = "Decision-making in embedded reasoning systems", booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence", publisher = "Morgan Kaufmann publishers Inc.: San Mateo, CA, USA", pages = "972--978", year = "1989", url = "ftp://ftp.laas.fr/pub/ria/felix/publis/ijcai89.ps.gz", abstract = "The development of reasoning systems that can reason and plan in a continuously changing environment is emerging as an important area of research in Artificial Intelligence. This paper describes some of the features of a Procedural Reasoning System (PRS) that enables it to operate effectively in such environments. The basic system design is first described and it is shown how this architecture supports both goal-directed reasoning and the ability to react rapidly to unanticipated changes in the environment. The decision-making capabilities of the system are then discussed and it is indicated how the system integrates these components in a manner that takes account of the bounds on both resources and knowledge that typify most real-time operations. The system has been applied to handling malfunctions on the space shuttle, threat assessment, and the control of an autonomous robot.", } @InProceedings{georgeff:86, authorkey = "GeorgeffMP LanskyAL", author = "Michael P. Georgeff and Amy L. Lansky", title = "Procedural knowledge", booktitle = "Proceedings of the IEEE Special Issue on Knowledge Representation", volume = "74", pages = "1383--1398", year = "1986", } @InProceedings{gmytrasiewicz:93, authorkey = "GmytrasiewiczP DurfeeEH", author = "P. Gmytrasiewicz and E. H. Durfee", title = "Elements of a utilitarian theory of knowledge and action", booktitle = "Proceedings of the Thirteenth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence (IJCAI-93)", pages = "396--402", address = "Chambery, France", year = "1993", url = "ftp://ftp.eecs.umich.edu/people/durfee/ijcai93.ps.Z", } @InProceedings{gmytrasiewicz:92, authorkey = "GmytrasiewiczPJ DurfeeEH", author = "P. J. Gmytrasiewicz and E. H. Durfee", title = "A game-theoretic perspective on the concepts of' interaction, coordination, and cooperation", booktitle = "Proceedings of the AAAI Workshop on Cooperation among Heterogeneous Intelligent Systems", pages = "25--29", address = "San Jose, CA", year = "1992", note = "AAAI", } @InProceedings{gmytrasiewicz:95, authorkey = "GmytrasiewiczPJ DurfeeEH", author = "P. J. Gmytrasiewicz and E. H. Durfee", title = "A rigorous, operational formalization of recursive modeling", booktitle = "Proceedings of the First International Conference on Multi-Agent Systems (ICMAS-95)", address = "San Francisco, CA", month = jun, year = "1995", url = "ftp://ftp.eecs.umich.edu/people/durfee/icmas95-gd.ps.Z", } @InCollection{golden:94, authorkey = "GoldenK EtzioniO WeldD", author = "K. Golden and O. Etzioni and D. Weld", title = "Omnipotence without omniscience: Efficient sensor management for software agents", editor = "O. Etzioni", booktitle = "Software Agents --- Papers from the 1994 Spring Symposium (Technical Report SS-94-03)", pages = "31--36", publisher = "aaaip", month = mar, year = "1994", url = "ftp://ftp.cs.washington.edu/pub/ai/tr94-01-03.ps.Z", } @PhdThesis{haddadi:95, authorkey = "HaddadiA", author = "A. Haddadi", title = "Reasoning About Cooperation in Agent Systems: {A} Pragmatic Theory", school = "University of Manchester Institute of Science and Technology (UMIST)", month = mar, year = "1995", } @InProceedings{hagg:94, authorkey = "HaggS YggeF GustavssonR OttossonH", author = "S. H{\"{a}}gg and F. Ygge and R. Gustavsson and H. Ottosson", title = "{DA}-{SoC}: {A} testbed for modelling distributed automation applications using agent-oriented programming", booktitle = "Proceedings of the Sixth European Workshop on Modelling Autonomous Agents and Multi-Ageiit Worlds (MAAMAW-94)", pages = "39--51", month = aug, year = "1994", } @InProceedings{haugeneder:94, authorkey = "HaugenederH SteinerD McCabeFG", author = "H. Haugeneder and D. Steiner and F. G. McCabe", title = "{IMAGINE}: {A} framework for building multi-agent systems", editor = "S. M. Deen", booktitle = "Proceedings of the 1994 International Working Conference on Cooperating Knowledge Based Systems (CKBS-94)", pages = "31--64", institution = "DAKE Centre, University of Keele", address = "UK", year = "1994", } @TechReport{hayes-roth:89, authorkey = "Hayes-RothB", author = "B. Hayes-Roth", title = "Making intelligent systems adaptive", number = "STAN-CS-881226", institution = "Stanford University", address = "Stanford, CA", month = oct, year = "1989", } @Article{hayes-roth:90, authorkey = "Hayes-RothB", author = "B. Hayes-Roth", title = "Architectural foundations for real-time performance in intelligent agents", journal = "The Journal of Real-Time Systems", volume = "2", pages = "99--125", year = "1990", url = "ftp://ftp-ksl.stanford.edu/pub/KSL\_Reports/KSL-89-63.ps", } @InProceedings{hayes-roth:95, authorkey = "Hayes-RothB", author = "B. Hayes-Roth", title = "Agents on stage: Advancing the state of the art in {AI}", booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourteenth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence (IJCAI-95)", pages = "967--971", address = "Montreal, Quebec, Canada", month = aug, year = "1995", url = "ftp://ftp-ksl.stanford.edu/pub/KSL\_Reports/KSL-95-50.ps", } @Article{hayes-roth:95b, authorkey = "Hayes-RothB", author = "B. Hayes-Roth", title = "An architecture for adaptive intelligent systems", journal = "Artificial Intelligence", volume = "72", number = "1-2", pages = "329--365", month = jan, year = "1995", url = "ftp://ftp-ksl.stanford.edu/pub/KSL\_Reports/KSL-93-19.ps", } @InProceedings{henz:93, authorkey = "HenzM SmolkaG WurtzJ", author = "Martin Henz and Gert Smolka and J{\"o}rg W{\"u}rtz", title = "Oz -- a programming language for multi-agent systems", booktitle = "Proceedings of the Thirteenth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence (IJCAI-93)", pages = "404--409", editor = "Ruzena Bajcsy", address = "Chambery, France", year = "1993", url = "http://www.iscs.nus.edu.sg/~henz/publications/ps/IJCAI93.ps.Z", } @InProceedings{hewitt:90, authorkey = "HewittCE", author = "C. E. Hewitt", title = "Towards open information systems semantics", editor = "M. N. Huhns", booktitle = "Proceedings of the 10th International Workshop on Distributed Artificial Intelligence", year = "1990", } @InCollection{holte:94, authorkey = "HolteRC DrummondC", author = "R. C. Holte and C. Drummond", title = "A learning apprentice for browsing", editor = "O. Etzioni", booktitle = "Software Agents --- Papers from the 1994 Spring Symposium (Technical Report SS-94-03)", pages = "37--42", publisher = "AAAI Press", month = mar, year = "1994", url = "http://www.csi.uottawa.ca/~holte/Publications/aaai94ss.ps", } @InCollection{huang:95, authorkey = "HuangJ JenningsNR FoxJ", author = "J. Huang and N. R. Jennings and J. Fox", title = "An agent architecture for distributed medical care", editor = "M. Wooldridge and N. R. Jennings", booktitle = "Intelligent Agents: Theories, Architectures, and Languages (LNAI Volume 890)", pages = "219--232", publisher = "Springer-Verlag: Heidelberg, Germany", month = jan, year = "1995", url = "ftp://ftp.elec.qmw.ac.uk/pub/isag/distributed-ai/publications/Intelligent-Agents95.ps.Z", } @PhdThesis{huffman:94, authorkey = "HuffmanSB", author = "Scott B. Huffman", title = "Instructable Autonomous Agents", school = "The University of Michigan, Department of Computer Science and Engineering", month = jan, year = "1994", url = "ftp://ftp.eecs.umich.edu/people/huffman/papers/thesis.ps.Z", } @Proceedings{huhns:90, editor = "M. N. Huhns", title = "Proceedings of the 10th International Workshop on Distributed Artificial Intelligence", address = "Bandera, Texas", month = oct, year = "1990", } @Book{huhns:87, authorkey = "HuhnsMN", author = "M. N. Huhns", title = "Distributed Artificial Intelligence", publisher = "Pitman/Morgan Kaufmann", address = "San Mateo, CA, USA", year = "1987", } @InProceedings{huntbach:95, authorkey = "HuntbachMM JenningsNR RingwoodGA", author = "M. M. Huntbach and N. R Jennings and G. A. Ringwood", title = "How agents do it in stream logic programming", booktitle = "Proceedings of the First International Conference on Multi-Agent Systems (ICMAS-95)", pages = "177--184", address = "San Francisco, CA", month = jun, year = "1995", url = "ftp://ftp.elec.qmw.ac.uk/pub/isag/distributed-ai/publications/ICMAS95a.ps.Z", } @Article{jennings:93, authorkey = "JenningsNR", author = "N. R. Jennings", title = "Specification and implementation of a belief-desire-joint-intention architecture for collaborative problem solving", journal = "Journal of Intelligent and Cooperative Information Systems", volume = "2", number = "3", pages = "289--318", year = "1993", url = "ftp://ftp.elec.qmw.ac.uk/pub/isag/distributed-ai/publications/IJICIS-2-3.ps.Z", } @Book{jennings:94, authorkey = "JenningsNR", author = "N. R. Jennings", title = "Cooperation in Industrial Multi-agent Systems", volume = "43", series = "World Scientific Series in Computer Science", publisher = "World Scientific Publishing Co.", year = "1994", note = "ISBN: 981-02-1652-1", } @Article{jennings:95, authorkey = "JenningsNR WooldridgeM", author = "N. R. Jennings and M. Wooldridge", title = "Applying agent technology", journal = "Applied Artificial Intelligence", volume = "9", number = "4", pages = "351--361", year = "1995", url = "ftp://ftp.elec.qmw.ac.uk/pub/isag/distributed-ai/publications/AAI95a.ps.Z", } @InProceedings{kaelbling:86, authorkey = "KaelblingLP", author = "L. P. Kaelbling", title = "An architecture for intelligent reactive systems", editor = "Michael P. Georgeff and Amy L. Lansky", booktitle = "Reasoning About Actions \& Plans - Proceedings of the 1986 Workshop", pages = "395--410", publisher = "Morgan Kaufmann publishers Inc.: San Mateo, CA, USA", year = "1986", } @InCollection{kaelbling:90, authorkey = "KaelblingLP", author = "L. P. Kaelbling", title = "An architecture for intelligent reactive systems", editor = "J. Allen and J. Hendler and A. Tate", booktitle = "Readings in Planning", pages = "713--728", publisher = "Morgan Kaufmann publishers Inc.: San Mateo, CA, USA", year = "1990", } @InCollection{kaelbling:90b, authorkey = "KaelblingLP RosenscheinSJ", author = "L. P. Kaelbling and S. J. Rosenschein", title = "Action and planning in embedded agents", editor = "P. Maes", booktitle = "Designing Autonomous Agents", pages = "35--48", publisher = "The MIT Press: Cambridge, MA, USA", year = "1990", } @InProceedings{kautz:94bb, authorkey = "KautzHA SelmanB CoenM KetchpelS", author = "H. A. Kautz and B. Selman and M. Coen and S. Ketchpel", title = "{An Experiment in the Design of Software Agents}", booktitle = "Software Agents --- Papers from the 1994 Spring Symposium (Technical Report SS-94-03)", editor = "O. Etzioni", publisher = "AAAI Press", pages = "43--48", month = mar, year = "1994", url = "http://www.ai.mit.edu/people/mhcoen/aaai.ps", abstract = "We describe a bottom-up approach to the design of software agents. We built and tested an agent system that addresses the real-world problem of han-dling the activities involved in scheduling a visitor to our laboratory. The system employs both task-specific and user-centered agents, and communicates with users using both email and a graphicalinterface. This experiment has helped us to identify crucial requirements in the successful deployment of software agents, including issues of reliability, security, and ease of use. The architecture we de-veloped to meet these requirements is flexible and extensible, and is guiding our current research on principles of agent design.", } @Proceedings{klein:94, editor = "M. Klein and K. Sharma", title = "Proceedings of the 13th International Distributed Artificial Intelligence Workshop", address = "Seattle, WA., USA", month = jul # "28--30~", year = "1994", } @InCollection{knoblock:94, authorkey = "KnoblockCA ArensY", author = "C. A. Knoblock and Y. Arens", title = "An architecture for information retrieval agents", editor = "O. Etzioni", booktitle = "Software Agents --- Papers from the 1994 Spring Symposium (Technical Report SS-94-03)", pages = "49--56", publisher = "AAAI Press", month = mar, year = "1994", } @Book{laird:91, authorkey = "LairdJE LangleyR MitchellTM RosenbloomRS", author = "J. E. Laird and R. Langley and T. M. Mitchell and R. S. Rosenbloom", title = "Working notes of the {AAAI} spring Symposium on Integrated architectures", publisher = "AAAI Press", address = "Menlo Park, CA", year = "1991", note = "Appeared as a special section of SIGART Bulletin, 2(4), August, 1991", } @InCollection{lakin:94, authorkey = "LakinF", author = "F. Lakin", title = "A visual agent for performance graphics", editor = "O. Etzioni", booktitle = "Software Agents --- Papers from the 1994 Spring Symposium (Technical Report SS-94-03)", pages = "103--106", publisher = "AAAI Press", month = mar, year = "1994", } @InCollection{lansky:94, authorkey = "LanskyAL", author = "Amy L. Lansky", title = "A data analysis assistant", editor = "O. Etzioni", booktitle = "Software Agents --- Papers from the 1994 Spring Symposium (Technical Report SS-94-03)", pages = "57--63", publisher = "AAAI Press", month = mar, year = "1994", } @Proceedings{lesser:95, editor = "V. R. Lesser", title = "Proceedings of the First International Conference on Multi-Agent Systems", address = "San Francisco, CA", year = "1995", publisher = "AAAI Pres/MIT", } @InProceedings{levesque:90, authorkey = "LevesqueHJ CohenPR NunezJHT", author = "H. J. Levesque and P. R. Cohen and J. H. T. Nunez", title = "On acting together", booktitle = "Proceedings of the 8th National Conference on Artificial Intelligence", pages = "94--99", address = "Boston, MA", year = "1990", abstract = "Joint action by a team does not consist merely of simultaneous and coordinated individual actions; to act together, a team must be aware of and care about the status of the group effort as a whole. We present a formal definition of what it could mean for a group to jointly commit to a common goal, and explore how these joint commitments relate to the individual commitments of the team members. We then consider the case of joint intention, where the goal in question involves the team performing some action. In both cases, the theory is formulated in a logical language of belief, action, and time previously used to characterize individual commitment and intention. An important consequence of the theory is the types of communication among the team members that it predicts will often be necessary.", } @InProceedings{luck:95, authorkey = "LuckM dInvernoM", author = "M. Luck and M. d'Inverno", title = "A formal framework for agency and autonomy", booktitle = "Proceedings of the First International Conference on Multi-Agent Systems (ICMAS-95)", pages = "254--260", address = "San Francisco, CA", month = jun, year = "1995", url = "http://www.dcs.warwick.ac.uk/people/academic/Michael.Luck/papers/icmas95.ps", } @InProceedings{lyons:92, authorkey = "LyonsDM HendriksAJ", author = "D. M. Lyons and A. J. Hendriks", title = "A practical approach to integrating reaction and deliberation", booktitle = "Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on AI Planning Systems (AIPS)", pages = "153--162", address = "San Mateo, CA, USA", month = jun, year = "1992", publisher = "Morgan Kaufmann publishers Inc.: San Mateo, CA, USA", } @Book{maes:90, editor = "P. Maes", title = "Designing Autonomous Agents", publisher = "The MIT Press: Cambridge, MA, USA", year = "1990", } @Article{maes:94b, authorkey = "MaesP", author = "P. Maes", title = "Modeling adaptive autonomous agents", journal = "Artificial Life, I", volume = "(1\&2)", number = "9", year = "1994", url = "http://pattie.www.media.mit.edu/people/pattie/alife-journal.ps", } @InCollection{maes:94c, authorkey = "MaesP", author = "P. Maes", title = "Social interface agents: Acquiring competence by learning from users and other agents", editor = "O. Etzioni", booktitle = "Software Agents --- Papers from the 1994 Spring Symposium (Technical Report SS-94-03)", pages = "71--78", publisher = "AAAI Press", month = mar, year = "1994", } @InProceedings{maes:94d, authorkey = "MaesP DarrellT BlumbergB PentlandS", author = "P. Maes and T. Darrell and B. Blumberg and S. Pentland", title = "Interacting with animated autonomous agents", editor = "J. Bates", booktitle = "Proceedings of the AAAI Spring Symposium on Believable Agents", year = "1994", } @InCollection{malec:95, authorkey = "MalecJ", author = "J. Malec", title = "A unified approach to intelligent agency", editor = "M. Wooldridge and N. R. Jennings", booktitle = "Intelligent Agents: Theories, Architectures, and Languages (LNAI Volume 890)", pages = "233--244", publisher = "Springer-Verlag: Heidelberg, Germany", month = jan, year = "1995", url = "http://www.ida.liu.se/~jacma/official/psfiles/ecai94.ps.gz", } @InCollection{mccabe:95, authorkey = "McCabeFG ClarkKL", author = "Frank G. McCabe and Keith L. Clark", title = "April -- agent process interaction language", editor = "M. Wooldridge and N. R. Jennings", booktitle = "Intelligent Agents: Theories, Architectures, and Languages (LNAI volume 890)", pages = "324--340", publisher = "Springer-Verlag: Heidelberg, Germany", month = jan, year = "1995", abstract = "In this paper we introduce key features of a programming language for building DAI and other types of distributed applications requiring the transmission and manipulation of complex symbolic data. The language is high-level and yet also offers a simple and smooth interface to other programming languages such as ``C''. April is oriented to the implementation of multi-agent systems. However, April is NOT a `multi-agent applications language'. It does not directly offer high level features such as: planners, problem solvers and knowledge representation systems that a multi-agent applications language might be expected to include. April is more an object based concurrent language with objects as processes. This is a highly suitable base for extension to DAI and multi-agent application platforms.", url = "http://www-lp.doc.ic.ac.uk/~klc/april1.ps.gz", } @InCollection{mcdermott:90, authorkey = "McDermottD", author = "D. McDermott", title = "Planning reactive behaviour: {A} progress report", editor = "J. Allen and J. Hendler and A. Tate", booktitle = "Innovative Approaches to Planning, Scheduling, and Control", pages = "450--458", publisher = "Morgan Kaufmann publishers Inc.: San Mateo, CA, USA", year = "1990", } @TechReport{mcdermott:91, authorkey = "McDermottD", author = "D. McDermott", title = "Robot planning", number = "861", institution = "Yale University, Department of Computer Science", year = "1991", } @InCollection{mitchell:90, authorkey = "MitchellTM AllenJ ChalasaniR ChengJ EtzioniO RinguetteM SchlimmerJC", author = "T. M. Mitchell and J. Allen and R. Chalasani and J. Cheng and O. Etzioni and M. Ringuette and J. C. Schlimmer", title = "Theo: {A} framework for self-improving systems", editor = "K. VanLehn", booktitle = "Architectures for Intelligence", publisher = "Lawrence Erlbaum Associates", address = "Hillsdale, New Jersey", year = "1990", } @InCollection{moffat:95, authorkey = "MoffatD FrijdaN", author = "D. Moffat and N. Frijda", title = "Where there's a will there's an agent", editor = "M. Wooldridge and N. R. Jennings", booktitle = "Intelligent Agents: Theories, Architectures, and Languages (LNAI Volume 890)", pages = "245--260", publisher = "Springer-Verlag: Heidelberg, Germany", month = jan, year = "1995", } @TechReport{montgomery:92, authorkey = "MontgomeryT LeeJ MuslinerD DurfeeE DarmouthD SoY", author = "T. Montgomery and J. Lee and D. Musliner and E. Durfee and D. Darmouth and Y. So", title = "{MICE Users Guide}", number = "CSE-TR-64-90", institution = "Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Univ. of Michigan", month = jan, year = "1992", url = "ftp://ftp.eecs.umich.edu/people/jaeho/miceman.ps", } @PhdThesis{muller:96, authorkey = "MullerJP", author = "J. P. M{\"u}ller", title = "An Architecture for Dynamically Interacting Agents", school = "Universit{\"a}t des Saarlandes, Saarbrucken", year = "1996", } @Article{muller:94b, authorkey = "MullerJP PischelM", author = "J. P. M{\"u}ller and M. Pischel", title = "An architecture for dynamically interacting agents", journal = "International Journal of Intelligent and Cooperative Information Systems (IJICIS)", volume = "3", number = "1", pages = "25--45", year = "1994", } @InCollection{nii:89, authorkey = "NiiP AielloN RiceJ", author = "P. Nii and N. Aiello and J. Rice", title = "Experiments on Cage and Poligon: Measuring the performance of parallel blackboard systems", editor = "L. Gasser and M. Huhns", booktitle = "Distributed Artificial Intelligence Volume II", pages = "319--384", publisher = "Pitman Publishing: London and Morgan Kaufmann", address = "San Mateo, CA, USA", year = "1989", } @InCollection{norman:95, authorkey = "NormanTJ LongD", author = "T. J. Norman and D. Long", title = "Goal creation in motivated agents", editor = "M. Wooldridge and N. R. Jennings", booktitle = "Intelligent Agents: Theories, Architectures, and Languages (LNAI Volume 890)", pages = "277--290", publisher = "Springer-Verlag: Heidelberg, Germany", month = jan, year = "1995", url = "ftp://ftp.elec.qmw.ac.uk/pub/isag/distributed-ai/publications/ATAL94.ps.gz", } @Book{mitchell:94, editor = "T. Mitchell and O. Etzioni and P. Maes and Y. Shoham", title = "Software Agents", series = "Spring Symposium Series", address = "Stanford, Ca.", month = mar, year = "1994", publisher = "AAAI Press", note = "Working Notes", } @InProceedings{pednault:86, authorkey = "PednaultE", author = "E. Pednault", title = "Formulating multi-agent dynamic world problems in the classical planning paradigm", booktitle = "Reasoning About Actions \& Plans - Proceedings of the 1986 Workshop", pages = "47--82", publisher = "Morgan Kaufmann publishers Inc.: San Mateo, CA, USA", year = "1986", } @Article{poggi:95, authorkey = "PoggiA", author = "A. Poggi", title = "{DAISY}: An object-oriented system for distributed artificial intelligence", editor = "M. Wooldridge and N. R. Jennings", journal = "Intelligent Agents: Theories, Architectures, and Languages (LNAI Volume 890)", pages = "“341--354", publisher = "Springer-Verlag: Heidelberg, Germany", month = jan, year = "1995", abstract = "This paper presents an object-oriented distributed system, called DAISY, for the development and experimentation of Distributed Artificial Intelligence systems and algorithms. This system is based on two programming levels: object level and agent level. Both the levels allow to define, implement and experiment systems. While the object level offers a large set of ``low level'' programming means (a large set of program constructs, a set of ``low level'' communication procedures, and so on), the agent level, which is implemented on the object level, offers a limited set of ``high level'' programming means (few program constructs, a fixed set of ``high level'' communication procedures derived by {\it speech act theory} and a fixed set of ``high level'' procedures to manage agent's knowledge). In particular, the paper shows the use of DAISY for modeling an airline reservation scenario and a manufacturing plant scenario.", } @InProceedings{rao:94, authorkey = "RaoAS", author = "Anand S. Rao", title = "Means-End Plan Recognition : Towards a Theory of Reactive Recognition", pages = "497--508", ISBN = "1-55860-328-X", editor = "Pietro Torasso {Jon Doyle, Erik Sandewall}", booktitle = "Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Principles of Knowledge Representation and Reasoning", address = "Bonn, FRG", month = may, year = "1994", publisher = "Morgan Kaufmann publishers Inc.: San Mateo, CA, USA", } @InProceedings{Rao:1995:BAT, title = "{BDI} Agents: from theory to practice", authorkey = "RaoAS GeorgeffMP", author = "Anand S. Rao and Michael P. Georgeff", pages = "312--319", booktitle = "Proceedings of the First International Conference on Multi--Agent Systems", year = "1995", publisher = "The MIT Press: Cambridge, MA, USA", address = "San Francisco, CA", editor = "Victor Lesser", abstract = "The study of agents situated in dynamic environments capable of rational behaviour has received a great deal of attention in recent years. Theoretical formalizations of such agents and their implementations have proceeded in parallel with little or no connection between them. This paper explores a particular type of rational agent, a Belief-Desire-Intention (BDI) agent. The primary aim of this paper is to integrate (a) the theoretical foundations of BDI agents from both a quantitative decision-theoretic perspective and a symbolic reasoning perspective; (b) the implementations of BDI agents from an ideal theoretical perspective and a more practical perspective; and (c) the building of large-scale applications based on BDI agents. In particular, an air-traffic management application will be analyzed from both a theoretical and an implementation perspective.", } @InProceedings{ijcai91*498, authorkey = "RaoAS GeorgeffMP", author = "Anand S. Rao and Michael P. Georgeff", title = "Asymmetry Thesis and Side-Effect Problems in Linear-Time and Branching-Time Intention Logics", pages = "498--505", ISBN = "1-55860-160-0", editor = "Ray {Myopoulos, John; Reiter}", booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence (IJCAI-91)", address = "Sydney, Australia", month = aug, year = "1991", publisher = "Morgan Kaufmann publishers Inc.: San Mateo, CA, USA", } @InCollection{Rao:AgentSpeak, authorkey = "RaoAS", author = "Anand S. Rao", title = "{AgentSpeak(L)}: {BDI} Agents Speak Out in a Logical Computable Language", editor = "W. van der Velde and J. W. Perram", booktitle = "Agents Breaking Away (LNAI 1038)", publisher = "Springer-Verlag: Heidelberg, Germany", pages = "42--55", year = "1996", } @InProceedings{rao:91b, authorkey = "RaoAS GeorgeffMP", author = "Anand S. Rao and Michael P. Georgeff", title = "Modeling Agents Within a {BDI}-Architecture", editor = "R. Fikes and E. Sandewall", booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2rd International Conference on Principles of Knowledge Representation and Reasoning (KR'91)", pages = "473--484", address = "Cambridge, Mass.", month = apr, year = "1991", publisher = "Morgan Kaufmann publishers Inc.: San Mateo, CA, USA", } @InProceedings{rao:92, authorkey = "RaoAS GeorgeffMP", author = "Anand S. Rao and Michael P. Georgeff", title = "An abstract architecture for rational agents", booktitle = "Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Principles of Knowledge Representation and Reasoning (KR\&R'92)", editor = "C. Rich and W. Swartout and B. Nebel", pages = "439--449", publisher = "Morgan Kaufmann publishers Inc.: San Mateo, CA, USA", month = oct, year = "1992", } @InProceedings{rao:95, authorkey = "RaoAS GeorgeffMP", author = "Anand S. Rao and Michael P. Georgeff", title = "{BDI}-agents: from theory to practice", booktitle = "Proceedings of the First International Conference on Multiagent Systems", address = "San Francisco", year = "1995", url = "ftp://www.aaii.oz.au/pub/aaii-technotes/technote56.ps", } @TechReport{rao:95b, authorkey = "RaoAS GeorgeffMP", author = "Anand S. Rao and Michael P. Georgeff", title = "Formal models and decision procedures for multi-agent systems", number = "Technical Note 61", institution = "Australian AI Institute, Level 6", address = "171 La Trobe Street, Melbourne, Australia", month = jun, year = "1995", url = "ftp://www.aaii.com.au/pub/aaii-technotes/technote61.ps.gz", abstract = "The study of computational agents capable of rational behaviour has received a great deal of attention in recent years. A number of theoretical formalizations for such multi-agent systems have been proposed. However, most of these formalizations do not have a strong semantic basis nor a sound and complete axiomatization. Hence, it has not been clear as to how these formalizations could be used in building agents in practice. This paper explores a particular type of multi-agent system, in which each agent is viewed as having the three mental attitudes of belief (B), desire (D), and intention (I). It provides a family of multi-modal branching-time BDI logics with a semantics that is grounded in traditional decision theory and a possible-worlds framework, categorizes them, provides sound and complete axiomatizations, and gives constructive tableau-based decision procedures for testing the satisfiability and validity of formulas. The computational complexity of these decision procedures is no greater than the complexity of their underlying temporal logic component. The paper thus provides a basis for developing formal methods to assist in the specification, design, and verification of complex multi-agent systems.", } @InProceedings{rao:94b, authorkey = "RaoAS MurrayG", author = "Anand S. Rao and Graeme Murray", title = "Multi--Agent Mental--State Recognition and its Application to Air--Combat Modeling", booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th International Workshop on Distributed Artificial Intelligence (DAI-94)", pages = "283--304", month = jul, address = "Seatle, WA", year = "1994", } @InProceedings{kr91*473, authorkey = "RaoAS GeorgeffMP", author = "Anand S. Rao and Michael P. Georgeff", title = "Modeling Rational Agents within a {BDI}-Architecture", pages = "473--484", ISBN = "1-55860-165-1", editor = "James Allen and Richard Fikes and Erik Sandewall", booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Principles of Knowledge Representation and Reasoning", month = apr, publisher = "Morgan Kaufmann publishers Inc.: San Mateo, CA, USA", year = "1991", } @InCollection{riecken:94b, authorkey = "RieckenD", author = "D. Riecken", title = "Re-membering: {A} theory of agents", editor = "O. Etzioni", booktitle = "Software Agents --- Papers from the 1994 Spring Symposium (Technical Report SS-94-03)", pages = "114--117", publisher = "AAAI Press", month = mar, year = "1994", } @InCollection{rus:94, authorkey = "RusD SubramanianD", author = "D. Rus and D. Subramanian", title = "Designing structure-based information agents", editor = "O. Etzioni", booktitle = "Software Agents --- Papers from the 1994 Spring Symposium (Technical Report SS-94-03)", pages = "79--86", publisher = "AAAI Press", month = mar, year = "1994", } @InCollection{schlimmer:94, authorkey = "SchlimmerJC HermensLA", author = "J. C. Schlimmer and L. A. Hermens", title = "A software agent for note taking", editor = "O. Etzioni", booktitle = "Software Agents --- Papers from the 1994 Spring Symposium (Technical Report SS-94-03)", pages = "118--121", publisher = "AAAI Press", month = mar, year = "1994", } @PhdThesis{seel:89, authorkey = "SeelN", author = "N. Seel", title = "Agent Theories and Architectures", school = "Surrey University", address = "Guildford, UK", year = "1989", } @InCollection{Shibayama:Yonezawa:oocp:1987, authorkey = "ShibayamaE YonezawaA", author = "Etsuya Shibayama and Akinori Yonezawa", title = "Distributed computing in {ABCL}/1", editor = "Akinori Yonezawa and Mario Tokoro", booktitle = "Object-Oriented Concurrent Programming", publisher = "The MIT Press: Cambridge, MA, USA", year = "1987", pages = "91--128", } @InProceedings{shoham:91, authorkey = "ShohamY", author = "Y. Shoham", title = "Agent-oriented programming", booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Workshop on DAI", pages = "345--353", year = "1991", } @InProceedings{singh:90, authorkey = "SinghMP", author = "M. P. Singh", title = "Group intentions", booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth International Workshop on Distributed Artificial Intelligence (IWDAI-90)", year = "1990", url = "http://www4.ncsu.edu/eos/info/dblab/www/mpsingh/papers/mas/dai-90.ps", } @InProceedings{singh:90b, authorkey = "SinghMP", author = "M. P. Singh", title = "Towards a theory of situated know-how", booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth European Conference on Artificial Intelligence (ECAI-90)", pages = "604--609", address = "Stockholm, Sweden", year = "1990", } @InProceedings{singh:90c, authorkey = "SinghMP", author = "M. P. Singh", title = "Group ability and structure", editor = "Y. Demazeau and J.-P.{\"{u}}ller", booktitle = "Decentralized AI 2 --- Proceedings of the Second European Workshop on Modelling Autonomous Agents in a Multi-Agent World (MAAMAW-90)", pages = "127--146", publisher = "Elsevier Science B.V.: Amsterdam, Netherland", year = "1991", url = "http://www4.ncsu.edu/eos/info/dblab/www/mpsingh/papers/mas/decentralized-ai-chapter.ps", } @InProceedings{singh:91, authorkey = "SinghMP", author = "M. P. Singh", title = "Social and psychological commitments in multiagent systems", booktitle = "AAAI Fall Symposium on Knowledge and Action at Social and Organizational Levels", year = "1991", url = "http://www4.ncsu.edu/eos/info/dblab/www/mpsingh/papers/mas/fall-symp-91-longer.ps", } @InProceedings{singh:91b, authorkey = "SinghMP", author = "M. P. Singh", title = "Towards a formal theory of communication for multi-agent systems", booktitle = "Proceedings of the Twelfth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence (IJCAI-91)", pages = "69--74", address = "Sydney, Australia", year = "1991", url = "http://www4.ncsu.edu/eos/info/dblab/www/mpsingh/papers/mas/ijcai-91.ps", } @Article{smith:80b, authorkey = "SmithRG DavisR", author = "R. G. Smith and R. Davis", title = "Frameworks for cooperation in distributed problem solving", journal = "IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics", volume = "11", number = "1", year = "1980", } @InCollection{sommaruga:89, authorkey = "SommarugaL AvourisN LiedekerkeM", author = "L. Sommaruga and N. Avouris and M. Van Liedekerke", title = "An environment for experimentation with interactive cooperating knowledge-based systems", editor = "N. Shadbolt", booktitle = "Research and Developmen in Expert Systems VI", publisher = "Cambridge University Press", address = "Cambridge, England", year = "1989", } @InCollection{soutchanski:95, authorkey = "SoutchanskiM TernovskaiaE", author = "M. Soutchanski and E. Ternovskaia", title = "Logical formalization of concurrent actions for multiagent systems", editor = "M. Wooldridge and N. R. Jennings", booktitle = "Intelligent Agents: Theories, Architectures, and Languages (LNAI Volume 890)", pages = "129--144", publisher = "Springer-Verlag: Heidelberg, Germany", month = jan, year = "1995", url = "http://www.cs.toronto.edu/~mes/papers/concurr.ps.Z", } @InCollection{steels:90, authorkey = "SteelsL", author = "L. Steels", title = "Exploiting analogical representations", editor = "P. Maes", booktitle = "Designing Autonomous Agents", pages = "71--88", publisher = "The MIT Press: Cambridge, MA, USA", year = "1990", } @InProceedings{steiner:93, authorkey = "SteinerDD BurtA KolbM LerinC", author = "D. D. Steiner and A. Burt and M. Kolb and Ch. Lerin", title = "The conceptual framework of {MAI02L}", booktitle = "Pre-Proceedings of MAAMAW'93", address = "NeuchAtel, Switzerland", month = aug, year = "1993", } @Book{suchman:87, authorkey = "SuchmanLA", author = "L. A. Suchman", title = "Plans and Situated Actions", publisher = "Cambridge Universtiy Press", address = "Cambridge", year = "1987", } @InProceedings{tambe:95, authorkey = "TambeM", author = "M. Tambe", title = "Recursive agent and agent-group tracking in a real-time dynamic environment", booktitle = "Proceedings of the First International Conference on Multiagent Systems (ICMAS'95)", address = "San Francisco, CA", month = jun, year = "1995", url = "http://www.isi.edu/teamcore/tambe/papers/95/AT/icmas2.ps", } @InProceedings{tambe:94, authorkey = "TambeM JonesR LairdJE RosenbloomPS SchwambK", author = "M. Tambe and R. Jones and J. E. Laird and P. S. Rosenbloom and K. Schwamb", title = "Building believable agents for simulation environments", editor = "J. Bates", booktitle = "Proceedings of the AAAI Spring Symposium on Believable Agents", year = "1994", url = "http://www.isi.edu/teamcore/tambe/papers/94/symp-paper.ps", } @Article{tambe:95c, authorkey = "TambeM RosenbloomPS", author = "M. Tambe and P. S. Rosenbloom", title = "Event tracking in a dynamic multi-agent environment", journal = "Computational Intelligence", volume = "12", number = "3", year = "1995", url = "http://www.isi.edu/teamcore/tambe/papers/95/AT/final3.ps", } @PhdThesis{thomas:93a, authorkey = "ThomasSR", author = "Sarah Rebecca Thomas", title = "{PLACA}, an Agent Oriented Programming Language", school = "Computer Science Department, Stanford University", address = "Stanford, CA 94305", month = aug, year = "1993", note = "(Available as technical report STAN--CS--93--1487)", } @InProceedings{atal94*355, authorkey = "ThomasSR", author = "S. Rebecca Thomas", title = "The {PLACA} Agent Programming Language", pages = "355--370", ISBN = "3-540-58855-8", editor = "Michael J. Wooldridge and Nicholas R. Jennings", booktitle = "Proceedings of the {ECAI}-94 Workshop on Agent Theories, architectures and languages: Intelligent Agents {I}", month = aug, series = "LNAI", volume = "890", publisher = "Springer-Verlag: Heidelberg, Germany", address = "Berlin", year = "1995", } @Article{thomas:92a, authorkey = "ThomasSR ShohamY SchwartzA KrausS", author = "S. R. Thomas and Y. Shoham and A. Schwartz and S. Kraus", title = "Preliminary Thoughts on an Agent Description Language", journal = "International Journal of Intelligent Systems", pages = "497--508", volume = "6", year = "1991", } @InCollection{toomey:94, authorkey = "ToomeyC JohnsonR", author = "C. Toomey and R. Johnson", title = "Software agents for automating multiple-tool tasks", editor = "O. Etzioni", booktitle = "Software Agents --- Papers from the 1994 Spring Symposium (Technical Report SS-94-03)", pages = "122--125", publisher = "AAAI Press", month = mar, year = "1994", } @Book{vanlehn:89, authorkey = "VanLehnK", author = "K. VanLehn", title = "Architectures for Intelligence", publisher = "Lawrence Erlbaum Associates", address = "Hillsdale, New Jersey", year = "1989", } @InProceedings{vidal:95, authorkey = "VidalJ DurfeeE", author = "J. Vidal and E. Durfee", title = "Recursive agent modeling using limited rationality", booktitle = "Proceedings of the First International Conference on Multiagent Systems (ICMAS'95)", address = "San Francisco, CA", month = jun, year = "1995", url = "ftp://ftp.eecs.umich.edu/people/durfee/icmas95-vd.ps.Z", } @InCollection{voorhees:94, authorkey = "VoorheesEM", author = "E. M. Voorhees", title = "Software agents for information retrieval", editor = "O. Etzioni", booktitle = "Software Agents --- Papers from the 1994 Spring Symposium (Technical Report SS-94-03)", pages = "126--129", publisher = "AAAI Press", month = mar, year = "1994", } @PhdThesis{ward:91, authorkey = "WardB", author = "B. Ward", title = "{ET}-Soar: Toward an {ITS} for Theory-Based Representations", school = "School of Computer Science, Carnegie Mellon University", month = may, year = "1991", } @InCollection{wavish:95, authorkey = "WavishP GrahamM", author = "P. Wavish and M. Graham", title = "Roles, skills, and behaviour: a situated action approach to organising systems of interacting agents", editor = "M. Wooldridge and N. R. Jennings", booktitle = "Intelligent Agents: Theories, Architectures, and Languages (LNAI Volume 890)", pages = "371--385", publisher = "Springer-Verlag: Heidelberg, Germany", month = jan, year = "1995", } @InProceedings{webber:93, authorkey = "WebberB BadlerN", author = "B. Webber and N. Badler", title = "Virtual interactive collaborators for simulation and training", booktitle = "Proceedings of the Conference on Computer Generated Forces and Behavioral Representation", address = "Orlando, Florida", institution = "Institute for Simulation and Training, University of Central Florida", month = may, year = "1993", } @InCollection{weerasooriya:95, authorkey = "WeerasooriyaD RaoA RamamohanaraoK", author = "D. Weerasooriya and A. Rao and K. Ramamohanarao", title = "Design of a concurrent agent-oriented language", editor = "M. Wooldridge and N. R. Jennings", booktitle = "Intelligent Agents: Theories, Architectures, and Languages (LNAI Volume 890)", pages = "386--402", publisher = "Springer-Verlag: Heidelberg, Germany", month = jan, year = "1995", url = "ftp://www.aaii.com.au/pub/aaii-technotes/technote52.ps", } @InProceedings{werner:90b, authorkey = "WernerE", author = "E. Werner", title = "What Can Agents Do Together: {A} semantics of co-operative ability", booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth European Conference on Artificial Intelligence (ECAI-90)", address = "Stockholm, Sweden", pages = "694--701", year = "1990", } @Book{witting:92, authorkey = "WittigT", author = "T. Wittig", title = "{ARCHON}: An Architecture for Multi-Agent Systems", publisher = "Ellis Horwood, Chichester", year = "1992", } @InProceedings{wooldridge:94, authorkey = "WooldridgeM", author = "M. Wooldridge", title = "Coherent social action", booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh European Conference on Artificial Intelligence (ECAI-94)", pages = "279--283", address = "Amsterdam, The Netherlands", year = "1994", url = "http://www.elec.qmw.ac.uk/dai/people/mikew/pubs/ecai94.ps", } @InCollection{wooldridge:95, authorkey = "WooldridgeM", author = "M. Wooldridge", title = "This is {MYWORLD}: The logic of an agent-oriented {DAI} testbed", editor = "M. Wooldridge and N. R. Jennings", booktitle = "Intelligent Agents: Theories, Architectures, and Languages (LNAI Volume 890)", pages = "160--178", publisher = "Springer-Verlag: Heidelberg, Germany", month = jan, year = "1995", url = "http://www.elec.qmw.ac.uk/dai/people/mikew/pubs/atal94.ps", } @InProceedings{wooldridge:92, authorkey = "WooldridgeM FisherM", author = "M. Wooldridge and M. Fisher", title = "A first-order branching time logic of multi-agent systems", booktitle = "Proceedings of the Tenth European Conference on Artificial Intelligence (ECAI-92)", pages = "234--238", address = "Vienna, Austria", year = "1992", url = "http://www.elec.qmw.ac.uk/dai/people/mikew/pubs/ecai92.ps", } @InProceedings{wooldridge:94b, authorkey = "WooldridgeM FisherM", author = "M. Wooldridge and M. Fisher", title = "A decision procedure for a temporal belief logic", editor = "D. M. Gabbay and H. J. Ohlbach", booktitle = "Temporal Logic - Proceedings of the First Interliational Conference (LNAI Volume 827)", pages = "317--331", publisher = "Springer-Verlag: Heidelberg, Germany", month = jul, year = "1994", url = "http://www.elec.qmw.ac.uk/dai/people/mikew/pubs/ictl94.ps", } @Article{wooldridge:95b, authorkey = "WooldridgeM JenningsNR", author = "M. Wooldridge and N. R. Jennings", title = "Intelligent agents: Theory and practice", journal = "The Knowledge Engineering Review", volume = "10", number = "2", pages = "115--152", year = "1995", url = "ftp://ftp.elec.qmw.ac.uk/pub/isag/distributed-ai/publications/KE-REVIEW-95.ps.Z", } @PhdThesis{wooldridge:92b, authorkey = "WooldridgeMJ", author = "M. J. Wooldridge", title = "On the Logical Modelling of Computational Multi-Agent Systems", school = "UMIST, Department of Computation", address = "Manchester, UK", month = oct, year = "1992", url = "http://www.elec.qmw.ac.uk/dai/people/mikew/pubs/thesis.ps", } @Book{wooldridge:95c, authorkey = "WooldridgeMJ JenningsNR", author = "M. J. Wooldridge and N. R. Jennings", title = "Intelligent Agents - Theories, Architectures, and Languages", volume = "890", series = "Lecture Notes In Artificial Intelligence", publisher = "Springer-Verlag: Heidelberg, Germany", year = "1995", } @InProceedings{rus:autonomous, authorkey = "RusD GrayR KotzD", author = "Daniela Rus and Robert Gray and David Kotz", title = "Autonomous and Adaptive Agents that Gather Information", booktitle = "AAAI~'96 International Workshop on Intelligent Adaptive Agents", year = "1996", month = aug, pages = "107--116", category = "mobile-ir", note = "Proceedings available as AAAI Technical Report WS-96-04", later = "rus:autonomous2", url = "ftp://ftp.cs.dartmouth.edu/pub/kotz/papers/rus:autonomous.ps.Z", keyword = "transportable agents, distributed system, autonomous agent, artificial intelligence, robotics, dfk", abstract = "We have designed and implemented autonomous software agents. Autonomous software agents navigate independently through a heterogeneous network of computers. They can sense the state of the network, monitor software conditions, and interact with other agents. The network-sensing tools allow our agents to adapt to the network configuration and to navigate under the control of reactive plans. In this paper we illustrate the intelligent and adaptive behavior of autonomous agents in distributed information-gathering tasks.", } @InProceedings{gray:97, authorkey = "GrayR KotzD NogS RusD CybenkoG", author = "R. Gray and D. Kotz and S. Nog and D. Rus and G. Cybenko", title = "Mobile Agents: The Next Generation in Distributed Computing", booktitle = "Second Aizu International Symposium on Parallel Algorithms/Architectures Synthesis (pAs~'97)", address = "Fukushima, Japan", year = "1997", month = mar, publisher = "IEEE Computer Society Press", pages = "8--24", abstract = "{\em Mobile agents\/} are programs that can move through a network under their own control, migrating from host to host and interacting with other agents and resources on each. We argue that these mobile, autonomous agents have the potential to provide a convenient, efficient and robust programming paradigm for distributed applications, particularly when partially connected computers are involved. Partially connected computers include mobile computers such as laptops and personal digital assistants as well as modem-connected home computers, all of which are often disconnected from the network. In this paper, we describe the design and implementation of our mobile-agent system, Agent Tcl, and the specific features that support mobile computers and disconnected operation. These features include network-sensing tools and a {\em docking\/} system that allows an agent to transparently move between mobile computers, regardless of when the computers connect to the network.", url = "ftp://ftp.cs.dartmouth.edu/TR/TR96-285.ps.Z", } @InProceedings{gray:96, authorkey = "GrayRS", author = "Robert S. Gray", title = "{Agent Tcl: A Flexible and Secure Mobile-Agent System}", booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourth Annual Tcl/Tk Workshop (TCL 96)", address = "Monterey, California", year = "1996", url = "http://www.cs.dartmouth.edu/~agent/papers/tcl96.ps.Z", } @TechReport{harker:95, authorkey = "HarkerK", author = "Kenneth Harker", title = "{TIAS: A Transportable Intelligent Agent System}", institution = "Dartmouth College, Computer Science", address = "Hanover, NH", number = "PCS-TR95-258", year = "1995", month = jun, url = "ftp://ftp.cs.dartmouth.edu/TR/TR95-258.ps.Z", comment = "Senior Undergraduate Honors Thesis.", abstract = "In recent years, there has been an explosive growth in the amount of information available to our society. In particular, the amount of information available on-line through vast networks like the global Internet has been growing at a staggering rate. This growth rate has by far exceeded the rate of growth in network speeds, as has the number of individuals and organizations seeking access to this information. There is thus a motivation to find abstract methods of manipulating this on-line data in ways that both serve the needs of end users efficiently and use network resources intelligently. In lieu of a traditional client-server model of information processing, which is both inflexible and potentially very inefficient, a Transportable Intelligent Agent system has the potential to achieve a more efficient and flexible network system. An intelligent agent is a program that models the information space for a user, and allows the user to specify how the information is to be processed. A transportable agent can suspend its execution, transport itself to a new location on a network, and resume execution at the new location. This is a particularly attractive model for both wireless and dialup networks where a user might not be able to maintain a permanent network connection, as well as for situations where the amount of information to be processed is large relative to the network bandwidth. Preliminary work in the field has shown that such agent systems are possible and deserve further study. This thesis describes a prototype transportable intelligent agent system that extends work already done in the field. Agents are written in a modified version of the Tcl programming language and transported using TCP/IP connections. Several simple examples demonstrate the properties of the system.", } @TechReport{nog:96, authorkey = "NogS ChawlaS KotzD", author = "Saurab Nog and Sumit Chawla and David Kotz", title = "{An RPC Mechanism for Transportable Agents}", institution = "Dartmouth College, Computer Science", address = "Hanover, NH", number = "PCS-TR96-280", year = "1996", month = mar, url = "ftp://ftp.cs.dartmouth.edu/TR/TR96-280.ps.Z", abstract = "Transportable agents are autonomous programs that migrate from machine to machine, performing complex processing at each step to satisfy client requests. As part of their duties agents often need to communicate with other agents. We propose to use remote procedure call (RPC) along with a flexible interface definition language (IDL), to add structure to inter-agent communication. The real power of our Agent RPC comes from a client-server binding mechanism based on flexible IDL matching and from support for multiple simultaneous bindings. Our agents are programmed in Agent Tcl; we describe how the Tcl implementation made RPC particularly easy to implement. Finally, although our RPC is designed for Agent Tcl programs, the concepts would also work for standard Tcl programs.", } @TechReport{gray:95b, authorkey = "GrayRS", author = "Robert S. Gray", title = "{Ph.D. Thesis Proprosal: Transportable Agents}", institution = "Dartmouth College, Computer Science", address = "Hanover, NH", number = "PCS-TR95-261", year = "1995", month = may, url = "ftp://ftp.cs.dartmouth.edu/TR/TR95-261.ps.Z", abstract = "One of the paradigms that has been suggested for allowing efficient access to remote resources is transportable agents. A transportable agent is a named program that can migrate from machine to machine in a heterogeneous network. The program chooses when and where to migrate. It can suspend its execution at an arbitrary point, transport to another machine and resume execution on the new machine. Transportable agents have several advantages over the traditional client/server model. Transportable agents consume less network bandwidth and do not require a connection between communicating machines -- this is attractive in all networks and particularly attractive in wireless networks. Transportable agents are a convenient paradigm for distributed computing since they hide the communication channels but not the location of the computation. Transportable agents allow clients and servers to program each other. However transportable agents pose numerous challenges such as security, privacy and efficiency. Existing transportable agent systems do not meet all of these challenges. In addition there has been no formal characterization of the performance of transportable agents. This thesis addresses these weakness. The thesis has two parts -- (1) formally characterize the performance of transportable agents through mathematical analysis and network simulation and (2) implement a complete transportable agent system.", } @InProceedings{rus:97c, authorkey = "RusD GrayR KotzDD", author = "Daniela Rus and Robert Gray and David David Kotz", title = "{Transportable Information Agents}", booktitle = "Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Autonomous Agents", editor = "W. Lewis Johnson and Barbara Hayes-Roth", year = "1997", month = feb, pages = "228--236", publisher = "ACM Press", address = "New York", url = "ftp://ftp.cs.dartmouth.edu/pub/kotz/papers/rus:autonomous2.ps.Z", abstract = "Transportable agents are autonomous programs. They can move through a heterogeneous network of computers under their own control, migrating from host to host. They can sense the state of the network, monitor software conditions, and interact with other agents or resources. The network-sensing tools allow our agents to adapt to the network configuration and to navigate under the control of reactive plans. In this paper we describe the design and implementation of the navigation system that gives our agents autonomy. We also discuss the intelligent and adaptive behavior of autonomous agents in distributed information-gathering tasks.", } @InProceedings{peine:97, authorkey = "PeineH StolpmannT", author = "Holger Peine and Torsten Stolpmann", title = "{The Architecture of the Ara Platform for Mobile Agents}", booktitle = "First International Workshop on Mobile Agents MA'97", year = "1997", editor = "Radu Popescu-Zeletin and Kurt Rothermel", address = "{Berlin, Germany}", url = "http://www.uni-kl.de/AG-Nehmer/Projekte/Ara/Doc/architecture.ps.gz", abstract = "We describe a platform for the portable and secure execution of mobile agents written in various interpreted languages on top of a common run-time core. Agents may migrate at any point in their execution, fully preserving their state, and may exchange messages with other agents. One system may contain many virtual places, each establishing a domain of logically related services under a common security policy governing all agents at this place. Agents are equipped with allowances limiting their resource accesses, both globally per agent lifetime and locally per place. We discuss aspects of this architecture and report about ongoing work.", } @TechReport{peine:97b, authorkey = "HolgerP", author = "Peine Holger", title = "{An Introduction to Mobile Agent Programming and the Ara System}", year = "1997", number = "ZRI report 1/97", institution = "Department of Computer Science, University of Kaiserslautern, Germany", url = "http://www.uni-kl.de/AG-Nehmer/Projekte/Ara/Doc/intro-prog.ps.gz", abstract = "A good starting point for people new to Ara and possibly mobile agent programming in general. This assumes very little prerequisite knowledge, so expert readers might want to only skim through its initial sections. The report introduces mobile agents and the Ara system, regards potential applications, and proceeds to a fairly complete, but nonformal description of the Ara API, subsequently demonstrated on a larger example of a WWW searching agent. The report closes with some discussion of the Ara implementation and selected aspects of mobile agents in general.", } @TechReport{hirschl:97, authorkey = "HirschlM KotzD", author = "Melissa Hirschl and David Kotz", title = "{AGDB: A Debugger for Agent Tcl}", institution = "Dartmouth College, Computer Science", address = "Hanover, NH", number = "PCS-TR97-306", year = "1997", month = feb, url = "ftp://ftp.cs.dartmouth.edu/TR/TR97-306.ps.Z", abstract = "The Agent Tcl language is an extension of Tcl/Tk that supports distributed programming in the form of transportable agents. AGDB is a debugger for the Agent Tcl language. AGDB mixes of traditional and distributed debugging facilities. Traditional debugging features include breakpoints (line-specific, conditional, and once-only), watch conditions and variables, and interrupts. Distributed-debugging features address issues inherent in distributed programming such as migration and communication. These capabilities make debugging distributed programs difficult because they add complexities like race conditions to the set of problems a program can encounter. This paper discusses how AGDB uses distributed debugging features to debug agents.", } @InProceedings{kotay:94, authorkey = "KotayKD KotzD", author = "Keith D. Kotay and David Kotz", title = "{Transportable Agents}", booktitle = "Proceedings of the CIKM Workshop on Intelligent Information Agents, Third International Conference on Information and Knowledge Management", year = "1994", month = dec, address = "Gaithersburg, Maryland", url = "ftp://ftp.cs.dartmouth.edu/pub/kotz/papers/kotay:agents.ps.Z", abstract = "As network information resources grow in size, it is often most efficient to process queries and updates at the site where the data is located. This processing can be accomplished by using a traditional client-server network interface, which constrains the client to the set of queries supported by the server, or requires the server to send all data to the client for processing. The former is inflexible; the latter is inefficient. Transportable agents, which support the movement of the client computation to the location of the remote resource, have the potential to be more flexible and more efficient. Transportable agents are capable of suspending their execution, transporting themselves to another host on a network, and resuming execution from the point at which they were suspended. Transportable agents consume fewer network resources and can support systems that do not have permanent network connections, such as mobile computers and personal digital assistants. We describe a prototype transportable-agent implementation that facilitates research in this area. Agents are written in a script language that supports agent relocation, and the language is processed at each host by an agent interpreter. Electronic mail is the current transport mechanism and we plan to explore others. We present a technical-report searching agent as a demonstration of the capabilities of our prototype implementation.", } @TechReport{gray:96b, authorkey = "GrayRS RusD KotzD", author = "Robert S. Gray and Daniela Rus and David Kotz", title = "{Transportable Information Agents}", institution = "Dartmouth College, Computer Science", address = "Hanover, NH", number = "PCS-TR96-278", year = "1996", month = feb, url = "ftp://ftp.cs.dartmouth.edu/TR/TR96-278.ps.Z", comment = "Revised version to appear in AAAI '96 Workshop on Intelligent Adaptive Agents.", abstract = "We have designed and implemented autonomous software agents. Autonomous software agents navigate independently through a heterogeneous network. They are capable of sensing the network configuration, monitoring software conditions, and interacting with other agents. Autonomous agents are implemented as transportable programs, e.g., programs that are capable of suspending execution, moving to a different machine, and starting from where they left off. We illustrate the intelligent behavior of autonomous agents in the context of distributed information-gathering tasks.", } @InProceedings{kotz:96, authorkey = "KotzD GrayR RusDD", author = "David Kotz and Robert Gray and Daniela Daniela Rus", title = "{Transportable Agents Support Worldwide Applications}", booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh ACM SIGOPS European Workshop", year = "1996", month = sep, pages = "41--48", url = "ftp://ftp.cs.dartmouth.edu/pub/kotz/papers/kotz:agents.ps.Z", keyword = "transportable agents, distributed computing, dfk", abstract = "Worldwide applications exist in an environment that is inherently distributed, dynamic, heterogeneous, insecure, unreliable, and unpredictable. In particular, the latency and bandwidth of network connections varies tremendously from place to place and time to time, particularly when considering wireless networks, mobile devices, and satellite connections. Applications in this environment must be able to adapt to different and changing conditions. We believe that transportable autonomous agents provide an excellent mechanism for the construction of such applications. We describe our prototype transportable-agent system and several applications.", } @TechReport{gray:96c, authorkey = "GrayRS KotzD NogS RusD CybenkoG", author = "Robert S. Gray and David Kotz and Saurab Nog and Daniela Rus and George Cybenko", title = "{Mobile Agents for Mobile Computing}", institution = "Dartmouth College, Computer Science", address = "Hanover, NH", number = "PCS-TR96-285", year = "1996", month = may, url = "ftp://ftp.cs.dartmouth.edu/TR/TR96-285.ps.Z", abstract = "Mobile agents are programs that can move through a network under their own control, migrating from host to host and interacting with other agents and resources on each. We argue that these mobile, autonomous agents have the potential to provide a convenient, efficient and robust programming paradigm for distributed applications, particularly when partially connected computers are involved. Partially connected computers include mobile computers such as laptops and personal digital assistants as well as modem-connected home computers, all of which are often disconnected from the network. In this paper, we describe the design and implementation of our mobile-agent system, Agent Tcl, and the specific features that support mobile computers and disconnected operation. These features include network-sensing tools and a docking system that allows an agent to transparently move between mobile computers, regardless of when the computers connect to the network.", } @Misc{ousterhout:96, authorkey = "OusterhoutJK LevyJY WelchBB", author = "John K. Ousterhout and Jacob Y. Levy and Brent B. Welch", title = "{The Safe-Tcl Security Model}", year = "1996", institution = "Sun Microsystems Laboratories", address = "Mountain View, Ca, USA", url = "http://www.sunlabs.com/research/tcl/safeTcl.ps", abstract = "Safe-Tcl is a mechanism for controlling the execution of programs written in the Tcl scripting language. It allows untrusted scripts (applets) to be executed while preventing damage to the environment or leakage of private information. Safe-Tcl uses a padded cell approach: each applet is isolated in a safe interpreter where it cannot interact directly with the rest of the application. The execution environment of the safe interpreter is controlled by trusted scripts running in a master interpreter. Safe-Tcl provides an alias mechanism that allows applets to request services from the master interpreter in a controlled fashion. Safe-Tcl allows a variety of security policies to be implemented even within a single application, and it supports both policies that authenticate incoming scripts and those that do not.", } @InCollection{acharay:97, title = "{Sumatra: A Language for Resource-aware Mobile Programs}", authorkey = "AcharyaA RanganathanM SaltzJ", author = "Anurag Acharya and M. Ranganathan and Joel Saltz", booktitle = "Mobile Object Systems: Towards the Programmable Internet", editor = "J. Vitek and C. Tschudin", year = "1997", pages = "111--130", publisher = "Springer-Verlag: Heidelberg, Germany", series = "Lecture Notes in Computer Science", volume = "1222", url = "http://www.cs.umd.edu/~acha/papers/lncs97-1.html", abstract = "Programs that use mobility as a mechanism to adapt to resource changes have three requirements that are not shared with other mobile programs. First, they need to monitor the level and quality of resources in their operating environment. Second, they need to be able to react to changes in resource availability. Third, they need to be able to control the way in which resources are used on their behalf (by libraries and other support code). In this chapter, we describe the design and implementation of Sumatra, an extension of Java that supports resource-aware mobile programs. We also describe the design and implementation of a distributed resource monitor that provides the information required by Sumatra programs.", } @InCollection{acharay:97b, title = "{Dynamic Linking for Mobile Programs}", authorkey = "AcharyaA SaltzJ", author = "Anurag Acharya and Joel Saltz", booktitle = "Mobile Object Systems: Towards the Programmable Internet", editor = "J. Vitek and C. Tschudin", year = "1997", pages = "245--262", publisher = "Springer-Verlag: Heidelberg, Germany", series = "Lecture Notes in Computer Science", volume = "1222", url = "http://www.cs.umd.edu/~acha/papers/lncs97-2.html", abstract = "Dynamic linking provides functionality that is necessary for secure flexible use of mobile programs but it introduces a new class of runtime errors - unbound procedure names. In this chapter, we present a compiler-directed technique for safe dynamic linking for mobile programs. Our technique guarantees that linking failures can occur only when a program arrives at a new execution site and that this failure can be delivered to the program as an error code or an exception. We use interprocedural analysis to identify the set of names that must be linked at the different sites the program executes on. We use a combination of runtime and compile-time techniques to identify the calling context and to link only the names needed in that context. Our technique is able to handle recursive programs as well as separately compiled code that may itself be able to move. We discuss language constructs for controlling the behavior of dynamic linking and the implication of some of these constructs for application structure.", } @Article{etzioni:94b, title = "{A Softbot-Based Interface to the Internet}", authorkey = "EtzioniO WeldD", author = "Oren Etzioni and Daniel Weld", year = "1994", month = jul, pages = "72--76", number = "7", volume = "37", journal = "Communications of the ACM", url = "ftp://ftp.cs.washington.edu/pub/ai/etzioni/softbots/cacm.ps.Z", } @InProceedings{doorenbos:97, title = "A Scalable Comparison-Shopping Agent for the World-Wide Web", authorkey = "DoorenbosRB EtzioniO WeldDS", author = "Robert B. Doorenbos and Oren Etzioni and Daniel S. Weld", editor = "W. Lewis Johnson and Barbara Hayes-Roth", booktitle = "Proceedings of the First International Conference on Autonomous Agents (Agents'97)", pages = "39--48", publisher = "ACM Press", address = "Marina del Rey, CA, USA", date = feb # "~5--8,", year = "1997", url = "ftp://ftp.cs.washington.edu/pub/ai/shopbot.ps", } @InProceedings{etzioni:96, authorkey = "EtzioniO", author = "Oren Etzioni", title = "Moving Up the Information Food Chain: Deploying Softbots on the World Wide Web", pages = "1322--1326", ISBN = "0-262-51091-X", booktitle = "Proceedings of the Thirteenth National Conference on Artificial Intelligence and the Eighth Innovative Applications of Artificial Intelligence Conference", month = aug # "4--8~", publisher = "AAAI Press / MIT Press", address = "Menlo Park", year = "1996", url = "ftp://ftp.cs.washington.edu/pub/etzioni/softbots/a96.ps.gz", } @InCollection{etzioni:94f, authorkey = "EtzioniO WeldD", author = "Oren Etzioni and Daniel Weld", title = "The first law of robotics", editor = "O. Etzioni", booktitle = "Software Agents --- Papers from the 1994 Spring Symposium (Technical Report SS-94-03)", pages = "17--23", publisher = "AAAI Press", month = mar, year = "1994", url = "ftp://ftp.cs.washington.edu/pub/ai/first-law-aaai94.ps.Z", } @InProceedings{etzioni:94e, title = "{The First Law of Robotics (a Call to Arms)}", authorkey = "EtzioniO WeldD", author = "Oren Etzioni and Daniel Weld", year = "1994", month = jul, booktitle = "Proceedings of the 12th National Confenrence on A.I", url = "ftp://ftp.cs.washington.edu/pub/ai", } @TechReport{johansen:95, title = "{An Introduction to the TACOMA Distributed System Version 1.0}", authorkey = "JohansenD RenesseR SchneiderFB", author = "Dag Johansen and Robbert van Renesse and Fred B. Schneider", institution = "University of Troms\o, Norway", number = "95-23", year = "1995", month = jun, url = "http://www.cs.uit.no/forskning/rapporter/Reports/9523.html", } @InProceedings{johansen:97, title = "{Performance Issues in TACOMA}", authorkey = "JohansenD SudmannNP RenesseR", author = "Dag Johansen and Nils P. Sudmann and Robbert van Renesse", booktitle = "Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop on Mobile Object Systems, 11th European Conference on Object-Oriented Programming", address = "Jyv{\"a}skyl{\"a}, Finland", month = jun, year = "1997", url = "http://www.tacoma.cs.uit.no/papers/ECOOP.tacoma.ps", abstract = "Mobile code performance depends, in part, on the costs of transferring an agent from one host to another and of initiating execution of that agent on a target host. These costs are reported for TACOMA (Troms\o\ and COrnell Moving Agents) v1.3, a UNIX-based system that supports agents. The experiments suggest opportunities for performance enhancements, both by changing the underlying operating system and by changing the architecture of the TACOMA run-time system.", } @InProceedings{karnik:97, title = "{System Support for Mobile Agents}", authorkey = "KarnikNM TripathiAR", author = "Neeran M. Karnik and Anand R. Tripathi", booktitle = "Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop on Mobile Object Systems, 11th European Conference on Object-Oriented Programming", address = "Jyv{\"a}skyl{\"a}, Finland", month = jun, year = "1997", url = "http://cuiwww.unige.ch/~ecoopws/ws97/papers/karnik.ps.gz", abstract = "Mobile objects can be used as a basis for supporting the mobile agents paradigm, which provides an interesting new approach for network-centric programming. We examine the language-level features needed for such applications, and describe a Java object-based mobile agent architecture that can provide system-level support for those features. Security is usually a major concern with mobile agent systems. We discuss security related issues such as authentication of mobile agents, protection of resources and privacy of communications, in the context of our architecture.", } @InProceedings{neudeck:97, title = "{Travelling Objects, a New Paradigm in Distributed Object Computing}", authorkey = "NeudeckA EhretA BaierF", author = "Arthur Neudeck and Andreas Ehret and Frank Baier", booktitle = "Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop on Mobile Object Systems, 11th European Conference on Object-Oriented Programming", address = "Jyv{\"a}skyl{\"a}, Finland", month = jun, year = "1997", url = "http://cuiwww.unige.ch/~ecoopws/ws97/papers/neudeck.ps.gz", abstract = "The massive growth of the Internet and the World Wide Web caused a shift in thinking about development and distribution of software. The global sharing of information, the operation on multiple platforms in heterogeneous networks, and the lucrative signs of electronic commerce force application developers to make their applications work in a distributed client-server environment, dealing with incompatible hardware architectures and operating systems. This paper introduces Travelling Objects (TOs), a new paradigm in distributed object computing, based on an enhanced object model and built upon the platform-independent and dynamic programming language Java. Additionally, the authors provide an insight how the Travelling Object Runtime System (TORS) allows to send, receive, and interact with TOs. Finally, an easy-to-use TO Generator is introduced that produces TOs out of arbitrary Java applications.", } @InProceedings{Pereira:97, title = "{On Stacks and Russian Dolls: Mobile Objects in Configurable Communication Protocols}", authorkey = "PereiraJO OliveiraR", author = "Jose Orlando Pereira and Rui Oliveira", booktitle = "Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop on Mobile Object Systems, 11th European Conference on Object-Oriented Programming", address = "Jyv{\"a}skyl{\"a}, Finland", month = jun, year = "1997", url = "http://cuiwww.unige.ch/~ecoopws/ws97/papers/pereira.ps.gz", abstract = "This paper introduces Groupz, a novel group communication protocol development framework. It merges advantages of traditional communication protocol support environments with object mobility, proposing multiple nested mobile objects as the natural evolution of layered protocols. By shifting the focus of protocol development from data messages to mobile objects, it makes possible to build configurable and adaptable system software, suited for problematic environments such as world-wide networks, without overlooking efficiency.", } @InProceedings{Roy:97, title = "{Using mobility to make transparent distribution practical}", authorkey = "RoyP HaridiS BrandP SmolkaG MehlM ScheidhauerR", author = "Peter Van Roy and Seif Haridi and Per Brand and Gert Smolka and Michael Mehl and Ralf Scheidhauer", booktitle = "Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop on Mobile Object Systems, 11th European Conference on Object-Oriented Programming", address = "Jyv{\"a}skyl{\"a}, Finland", month = jun, year = "1997", broken-url = "http://cuiwww.unige.ch/~ecoopws/ws97/papers/not\_revised.ps.gz", abstract = "Some of the most diffcult questions to answer when designing a distributed application are related to mobility: what information to transfer between sites and when and how to transfer it. Transparent distribution, the property that a program's behavior is independent of how it is partitioned among sites, does not directly address these questions. Therefore we propose to extend the language semantics with mobility control. the ability for objects to migrate between sites or to remain stationary at one site. In this way, the syntax and semantics of objects are the same regardless of whether they are used as stationary servers, mobile agents, or simply as caches. We show how to give objects an arbitrary mobility behavior that is independent of the object's definition. This gives the programmer a simple and effective control both over information transfer and over the resulting network communication patterns. These ideas have been implemented in Distributed Oz, a concurrent object-oriented language which is state-aware and has dataflow synchronization. Distributed Oz is an extension to the publicly*-available Oz 2.0 system.", } @InProceedings{Tschudin:97, title = "{Using Mobile Code to Control Native Execution of Distributed UNIX}", authorkey = "TschudinC MuhugusaM NeuschwanderG", author = "Christian Tschudin and Murhimanya Muhugusa and Guy Neuschwander", booktitle = "Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop on Mobile Object Systems, 11th European Conference on Object-Oriented Programming", address = "Jyv{\"a}skyl{\"a}, Finland", month = jun, year = "1997", url = "http://cuiwww.unige.ch/~ecoopws/ws97/papers/tschudin.ps.gz", abstract = "This paper presents MOS, a hybrid mobile/native code architecture where interpreted mobile code (messengers expressed in the M0 language) is used to control the execution of native code. This results in the mobile code interpreters becoming microkernels. Interpreted messengers are responsible for resource allocation in the network i.e., they are the glue between remote nodes, while CPU intensive tasks are executed by native code targeted at some specific hardware architecture. We describe the MOS support for native code execution and an implementation done at the University of Geneva where we demonstrated the native execution of a UNIX process under interpreted mobile code control.", } @InProceedings{Schneider:97, title = "{Towards Fault-tolerant and Secure Agentry (Invited paper)}", authorkey = "SchneiderFB", author = "Fred B. Schneider", booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th International Workshop on Distributed Algorithms", address = "Saarbucken, Germany", month = sep, year = "1997", note = "Also available as TR94-1568, Computer Science Department, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York.", url = "http://cs-tr.cs.cornell.edu:80/Dienst/UI/1.0/Download/ncstrl.cornell/TR97-1636", abstract = "Processes that roam a network--agents--present new technical challenges. Two are discussed here. The first problem, which arises in connection with implementing fault-tolerant agents, concerns how a voter authenticates the agents comprising its electorate. The second is to characterize security policies that are enforceable as well as approaches for enforcing those policies.", } @InProceedings{adl-tabatabai, authorkey = "Adl-TabatabaiAR LangdaleG LuccoS WahbeR", author = "Ali-Reza Adl-Tabatabai and Geoff Langdale and Steven Lucco and Robert Wahbe", title = "Efficient and language-independent mobile programs", pages = "127--136", booktitle = "Proceedings of the ACM SIGPLAN '96 Conference on Programming Language Design and Implementation (PLDI)", address = "Philadelphia, Pa.", url = "http://www.cs.cmu.edu/afs/cs.cmu.edu/user/ali/www/pldi96-omniware.ps", abstract = "This paper evaluates the design and implementation of Omniware: a safe, efficient, and language-independent system for executing mobile program modules. Previous approaches to implementing mobile code rely on either language semantics or abstract machine interpretation to enforce safety. In the former case, the mobile code system sacrifices universality to gain safety by dictating a particular source language or type system. In the latter case, the mobile code system sacrifices performance to gain safety through abstract machine interpretation. Omniware uses software fault isolation, a technology developed to provide safe extension code for databases and operating systems, to achieve a unique combination of language-independence and excellent performance. Software fault isolation uses only the semantics of the underlying processor to determine whether a mobile code module can corrupt its execution environment. This separation of programming language implementation from program module safety enables our mobile code system to use a radically simplified virtual machine as its basis for portability. We measured the performance of Omniware using a suite of four SPEC92 programs on the Pentium, PowerPC, Mips, and Sparc processor architectures. Including the overhead for enforcing safety on all four processors, OmniVM executed the benchmark programs within 21\% as fast as the optimized, unsafe code produced by the vendor-supplied compiler.", year = "1996", month = may, } @Misc{safe-tcl, title = "{Safe Tcl}", authorkey = "BorensteinNS RoseM", author = "N. S. Borenstein and M. Rose", url = "ftp://ftp.fv.com/pub/code/other/safe-tcl.tar.Z", } @InProceedings{johansen:95b, title = "{Operating System Support for Mobile Agents}", authorkey = "JohansenD RenesseR SchneiderFB", author = "Dag Johansen and Robbert van Renesse and Fred B. Schneider", pages = "42--45", booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifth Workshop Hot Topics in Operating Systems (HotOS)", month = may, year = "1995", address = "Washington, USA", url = "http://cs-tr.cs.cornell.edu/TR/CORNELLCS:TR94-1468", abstract = "An ``agent'' is a process that may migrate through a computer network in order to satisfy requests made by its clients. Agents implement a computational metaphor that is analogous to how most people conduct business in their daily lives: visit a place, use a service (perhaps after some negotiation), and then move on. Thus, for the computer illiterate, agents are an attractive way to describe networka-wide computations. Agents are also useful abstractions for programmers who must implement distributed applications. This is because in the agent metaphor, the processor or ``place'' the computation is performed is not hidden from the programmer, but the communications channels are. Most current research on agents has focused on language design and application issues. The TACOMA project (Troms\o\ And COrnell Moving Agents) has, instead, focused on operating system support for agents and how agents can be used to solve problems traditionally addressed by operating systems. We have implemented prototype systems to support agents using UNIX and using Tcl/Tk on top of Horus. This paper outlines insights and questions based on that experience. We discuss abstractions needed by an operating system to support agents, and discuss some problems that arise in connection with electronic commerce involving agents.", } @InProceedings{strasser:96, title = "{Mole -- A Java Based Mobile Agent System}", authorkey = "StrasserM BaumannJ HohlF", author = "M. Stra{\ss}er and J. Baumann and F. Hohl", year = "1996", booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd ECOOP Workshop on Mobile Object Systems", address = "University of Linz, Austria", month = jul, url = "http://www.informatik.uni-stuttgart.de/ipvr/vs/Publications/1996-strasser-01.ps.gz", abstract = "Mobile agents are active, autonomous objects, which are able to move between locations in a so-called agent system, a distributed abstraction layer providing security of the underlying systems on one hand and the concepts and mechanisms for mobility and communication on the other hand. In this paper, the mobility, the communication concepts and the architecture of Mole, an agent system developed at the University of Stuttgart, are presented.", } @Article{chess:95, title = "{Itinerant Agents for Mobile Computing}", authorkey = "ChessD GrosofB HarrisonC LevineD ParrisC TsudikG", author = "Davis Chess and Benjamin Grosof and Colin Harrison and David Levine and Colin Parris and Gene Tsudik", year = "1995", journal = "IEEE Personal Communications", volume = "2", number = "5", pages = "34--49", month = oct, abstract = "This paper describes an abstract framework for itinerant agents that can be used to implement secure, remote applications in large, public networks such as the Internet or the IBM Global Network. Itinerant agents are programs, dispatched from a source computer, that roam among a set of networked servers until they accomplish their task. This is an extension to the client / server model in which the client sends a portion of itself to the server for execution. An additional feature of itinerant agents is their ability to migrate from server to server, perhaps seeking one that can help with the user's task or perhaps collecting information from all of them. A major focus of the paper is the Agent Meeting Point, an abstraction that supports the interaction of agents with each other and server based resources.", url = "http://www.research.ibm.com/massdist/rc20010.ps", } @TechReport{chess:94, title = "{Mobile Agents: Are They a Good Idea?}", authorkey = "ChessD HarrisonC KershenbaumA", author = "David Chess and Colin Harrison and Aaron Kershenbaum", year = "1994", number = "RC 19887 (December 21, 1994 - Declassified March 16, 1995)", institution = "IBM Research Division. T.J.~Watson Research Center", address = "Yorktown Heights, New York", url = "http://www.research.ibm.com/massdist/mobag.ps", abstract = "Mobile agents are programs, typically written in a script language, which may be dispatched from a client computer and transported to a remote server computer for execution. Several authors have suggested that mobile agents offer an important new method of performing transactions and information retrieval in networks. Other writers have pointed out, however, that mobile agent introduce severe concerns for security. We consider the advantages offered by mobile agents and assess them against alternate methods of achieving the same function. We conclude that, while the individual advantages of agents do not represent an overwhelming motivation for their adoption, the creatoin of a pervasive agent framework facilitates a very large number of network services and applications.", } @Misc{grosof:97, title = "{Building Commercial Agents: An IBM Research Perspective}", authorkey = "GrosofB", author = "Benjamin Grosof", number = "RC 20835", year = "1997", month = may, howpublished = "Invited Talk", institution = "IBM Research Division. T.J.~Watson Research Center", address = "Yorktown Heights, New York", url = "http://domino.watson.ibm.com/library/CyberDig.nsf/a3807c5b4823c53f85256561006324be/512e73850ecf2f9a8525659300726502/\$FILE/8591.ps.gz", abstract = "This talk presents our experience at IBM in building commercial agents, including philosophy, market opportunities, tools, applications, lessons, and future research directions. IBM has released reusable tools for building agents, including Agent Building Environment based on our group's research. IBM has also built practical intelligent agents applications in e-commerce shopping, customer service, mail, news, and Web information, based in part on our group's research. Agent Building Environment ``situates'' reasoning by augmenting it with clean an d dynamic procedural attachments for perception and action. It is especially useful to enhance ``information-flow'' applications with agents that not only find and filter information items, but also categorize, save, and selectively disseminate them. Some of our latest research responding to practical building lessons includes: conflict handling; learning from observation of users; and learning from inter-agent knowledge-level communication.", } @TechReport{grosof:95a, title = "{Globenet and RAISE: Intelligent Agents for Networked Newsgroups and Customer Service Support}", authorkey = "GrosofBN FoulgerDA", author = "Benjamin N. Grosof and Davis A. Foulger", year = "1995", month = oct, number = "RC 20226", institution = "IBM Research Division. T.J.~Watson Research Center", address = "Yorktown Heights, New York", url = "http://domino.watson.ibm.com/library/CyberDig.nsf/a3807c5b4823c53f85256561006324be/f58b52293b2a112885256593006f864a/\$FILE/7838.ps.gz", abstract = "The Globenet system, developed at IBM T.J.~Watson Research Center, performs knowledge-based retrieval and handling of newsgroup-like information from heterogeneous WAN sources. Users specify personal, rule-based intelligent agents that control the retrieval and handling done on their behalves. The work-in-progress version of Globenet is enhanced by piloting the RAISE class library, also developed at IBM Watson. RAISE stands for Reusable Agent Intelligence Software Environment. RAISE enables powerful rules and flexible inferencing, as well as smoothly integrated and extensible control of additional actions and tests. Reasoning is performed about both structured and unstructured attributes of newsgroup items/mail-messages. Structured attributes include those available from the message headers e.g.~author and subject. Unstructured attributes include those available from message bodies as well, e.g., free-text conditions of the kind used in classical information retrival, such as boolean expressions in keywords and phrases.", } @TechReport{grosof:95b, title = "{Reusable Architecture for Embedding Rule-Based Intelligence in Information Agents}", authorkey = "GrosofBN LevineDW ChangHY ParrisCJ AuerbachJS", author = "Benjamin N. Grosof and David W. Levine and Hoi Y. Chang and Colin J. Parris and Joshua S. Auerbach", year = "1995", month = dec, number = "RC 20305", institution = "IBM Research Division. T.J.~Watson Research Center", address = "Yorktown Heights, New York", url = "http://domino.watson.ibm.com/library/CyberDig.nsf/a3807c5b4823c53f85256561006324be/fc78c5d83e8cb3a885256593006f9782/\$FILE/7863.ps.gz", abstract = "We identify practical software design requirements for rule-based intelligence in the next generation of commercial information agents. Besides basic inferencing, these include embeddability, reusability, user-friendly authoring of rules, communicability of rules, flexibility especially of inferencing control strategy and performance, and extensibility of representation and reasoning. We develop an architecture that fulfills these requirements to a substantial degree: RAISE (Reusable Agent Intelligence Software Environment). RAISE provides building blocks for embeddable agent smarts. It is founded upon a declarative representation and clean semantics, equipped with a sample yet powerful appraoch to procedural attachments. This results in highly pluggable components for inferenciing, authoring, and communication embodied in a fine-grained object-oriented class library. We have found RAISe to enable high reusability of both code and knowledge while embedding rule-based intelligence enhancements in three prototyped infromation agent applications: personal messaging, newgroups filtering and handling for customer service support (the Globenet system), and collaborative news service in Lotus Notes.", } @TechReport{grosof:95, title = "{Conflict Resolution in Advice Taking and Instruction for Learning Agents}", authorkey = "GrosofBN", author = "Benjamin N. Grosof", year = "1995", number = "RC 20123", institution = "IBM Research Division. T.J.~Watson Research Center", address = "Yorktown Heights, New York", url = "http://domino.watson.ibm.com/library/CyberDig.nsf/a3807c5b4823c53f85256561006324be/d52c16e48b98592385256593006ee0cf/\$FILE/7551.ps.gz", abstract = "We raise and discuss several issues of advice taking and instruction, including: the challenges of very small samples of opinion, and of assimilation with a large, complex prior knowledge base. We focus expecially on the problem of conflicting yes/no rules. We observe the availability of natural kinds of information, e.g., authority, reliability, freshness, and specificity, as teh basis for reasoning about precedence. by precedence we mean in the sense of resolving conflicts between rules on the basis of qualitative ordinal information. We propose an approach to this problem of conflict: via defaults and reasoning about such precendence. drewn from knowledge representation and commonsense reasoning. We initially developed this approach in previous work. Here, we elaborate it, abstract it to a more conceptual level, and present it for a machine learning audience. Also, we abstract it away from the details of, and dependency on, one aprticular non-monotonic logical formalism. We see the value of this approach not as being all-embracing, but as providing a step towards elements of future approaches to advice-taking and instruction.", } @InProceedings{yolande:96, title = "{Infrastructure for Mobile Agents}", authorkey = "BerberY DeckerB JoosenW", author = "Yolande Berber and Bart De Decker and Wouter Joosen", booktitle = "Proceedings of the 7th SIGOPS European Workshop", address = "Connemara, Ireland", month = sep, year = "1996", url = "http://mosquitonet.stanford.edu/sigops96/papers/berbers.ps", abstract = "State of the art distributed application technology is not suited to tackle the challenges offered by the ``Information Superhighway''. A new communication model based on mobile agents has been proposed and is still intensely studied. Research on the software infrastructure required to host agents on the move is urgently needed. The paper presents a requirements analysis for the infrastructure needs of agents in a distributed applications environment such as DCE or CORBA. It introduces an outline of a comprehensive proposal which includes requirements for autonomy, communication, mobility and security.", } @InProceedings{condict:96, title = "{Towards a World-Wide Civilization of Objects}", authorkey = "CondictM MilojicicD FranklinR BolingerD", author = "Michael Condict and Dejan Milojicic and Reynolds Franklin and Don Bolinger", booktitle = "Proceedings of the 7th SIGOPS European Workshop", year = "1996", address = "Connemara, Ireland", month = sep, url = "http://mosquitonet.stanford.edu/sigops96/papers/condict.ps", } @InProceedings{johansen:96, title = "{Supporting Broad Internet Access to TACOMA}", authorkey = "JohansenD RenesseR SchneiderFB", author = "Dag Johansen and Robbert van Renesse and Fred B. Schneider", booktitle = "Proceedings of the 7th SIGOPS European Workshop", year = "1996", pages = "55--58", month = sep, address = "Connemara, Ireland", url = "http://mosquitonet.stanford.edu/sigops96/papers/johansen.ps", } @TechReport{lange:96, title = "{Programming Mobile Agents in Java -- A White Paper}", authorkey = "LangeDB ChangDT", author = "Danny B. Lange and Daniel T. Chang", institution = "IBM Corp.", year = "1996", url = "http://www.trl.ibm.co.jp/aglets/whitepaper.htm", abstract = "We have written a white paper on Aglets Workbench in which we share our vision of a coming paradigm shift in network computing, based on the emergence of practical mobile agents in multiplatform environments. We also give an overview of the contents of Aglets Workbench and touch on essential issues such as security and standardization.", } @Misc{lange:97a, title = "{Java Aglet Application Programming Interface (J-AAPI) White Paper -- Draft 2}", authorkey = "LangeDB", author = "Danny B. Lange", institution = "IBM Tokyo Research Laboratory", month = feb, year = "1997", url = "http://www.trl.ibm.co.jp/aglets/JAAPI-whitepaper.html", abstract = "The Java Aglet Application Programming Interface (J-AAPI) is a proposed standard for interfacing aglets and their environment. Application developers can write platform-independent aglets and expect them to run on any host that supports J-AAPI.", } @Manual{lange:97b, title = "{Agent Transfer Protocol -- ATP/0.1}", authorkey = "LangeDB AridorY", author = "Danny B. Lange and Yariv Aridor", organization = "IBM Tokyo Research Laboratory", url = "http://www.trl.ibm.co.jp/aglets/atp/atp.htm", month = mar, year = "1997", abstract = "Mobile agent are programs capable of being transferred to remote hosts in order to carry out different tasks on behalf of their users. The Agent Transfer Protocol (ATP) is an application-level protocol for distributed agent-based systems. It can be used for transferring mobile agents between networked computers.  While mobile agents may be programmed in different languages and for a variety of vendor specific agent platforms (consisting of virtual machines and libraries), ATP offers the opportunity to handle mobility of agents in a general and uniform way.  ATP/0.1 is implemented in the atp-package as a part of the IBM Aglets Workbench that can be downloaded from: http://www.trl.ibm.co.jp/aglets/. ", } @InProceedings{lingnau:95, title = "{An HTTP-based Infrastructure for Mobile Agents}", authorkey = "LingnauA DrobnikO DomelP", author = "Anselm Lingnau and Oswald Drobnik and Peter {D\"omel}", year = "1995", booktitle = "Proceedings of the 4th International WWW Conference", month = dec, address = "Boston (MA), USA", url = "http://www.w3.org/pub/Conferences/WWW4/Papers/150/", abstract = "Mobile agents are an emerging technology attracting interest from the fields of distributed systems, information retrieval, electronic commerce and artificial intelligence. We present an infrastructure for mobile agents based on the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) which provides for agent mobility across heterogeneous networks as well as communications among agents. Our infrastructure supports the implementation and interoperation of agents written in various languages and takes advantage of current research in HTTP and the World Wide Web in general.", } @InProceedings{lingnau:96, title = "{Making Mobile Agents Communicate: A Flexible Approach}", authorkey = "LingnauA DrobnikO", author = "Anselm Lingnau and Oswald Drobnik", year = "1996", month = may, booktitle = "1st Annual Conference on Emerging Trends and Applications in Communications (etaCOM'96)", address = "Portland, OR, USA", url = "ftp://ftp.tm.informatik.uni-frankfurt.de/pub/papers/agents/etacom96-paper.ps.gz", } @InProceedings{lingnau:95b, title = "{An Infrastructure for Mobile Agents: Requirements and Architecture}", authorkey = "LingnauA DrobnikO", author = "Anselm Lingnau and Oswald Drobnik", year = "1995", month = sep, booktitle = "Proceedings of the 13th DIS Workshop", address = "Orlando, Florida, USA", url = "ftp://ftp.tm.informatik.uni-frankfurt.de/pub/papers/agents/13dis-paper.ps.gz", abstract = "Mobile agents constitute a new approach to the architecture and implementation of distributed systems. A mobile agent is a program with a persistent identity which moves around a network and can communicate with its environment and other agents. Possible applications for mobile agents include network management, information retrieval, distributed simulation, remote device control, active documents and mobile computing. We are developing an infrastructure for the support of mobile agents which is based on a network of `agent servers'. Each of these controls the agents visiting a host, allows for status checks and intervention by the agents' owners and provides a means of communication for the agents under its control. Mobile agents can be written in a number of programming languages such as Tcl and Perl; the agent environment provides runtime support through dedicated libraries that add relocation and communication capabilities to the respective language. Our implementation is based on HTTP (the Hypertext Transfer Protocol) as used on the World-Wide Web; this allows us to leverage off the massive research effort which currently focuses on issues like Web security and enables convenient access to the agent environment via the Web.", } @InProceedings{bharat95:migratory, authorkey = "BharatKA CardelliL", author = "Krishna A. Bharat and Luca Cardelli", title = "Migratory Applications", booktitle = "Proceedings of the 8th Annual ACM Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology", year = "1995", note = "Also available as Digital Systems Research Center Research Report 138", month = nov, address = "Pittsburgh, Pa.", url = "http://gatekeeper.dec.com/pub/DEC/SRC/research-reports/abstracts/src-rr-138.html", abstract = "We introduce a new genre of user interface applications that can migrate from one machine to another, taking their user interface and application contexts with them, and continue from where they left off. Such applications are not tied to one user or one machine, and can roam freely over the network, rendering service to a community of users, gathering human input and interacting with people. We envisage that this will support many new agent-based collaboration metaphors. The ability to migrate executing programs has applicability to mobile computing as well. Users can have their applications travel with them, as they move from one computing environment to another. We present an elegant programming model for creating migratory applications and describe an implementation. The biggest strength of our implementation is that the details of migration are completely hidden from the application programmer; arbitrary user interface applications can be migrated by a single ``migration'' command. We address system issues such as robustness, persistence and memory usage, and also human factors relating to application design the interaction metaphor and safety.", } @InCollection{cardelli:95a, title = "{Migratory Applications}", authorkey = "BharatKA CardelliL", author = "K. A. Bharat and L. Cardelli", year = "1995", booktitle = "Mobile Object Systems: Towards the Programmable Internet", editor = "{Jan Vitek} and {Christian Tschudin}", publisher = "Springer-Verlag: Heidelberg, Germany", series = "Lecture Notes in Computer Science", volume = "1222", pages = "131--148", url = "http://research.microsoft.com/Users/luca/Papers/Migration.A4.pdf", abstract = "We present a new genre of user interface applications: applications that can migrate from one machine to another, taking their user interface and application contexts with them, and continue from where they left off. Such applications are not tied to one user or one machine, and can roam freely over the network, rendering service to a community of users, gathering human input and interacting with people. We envisage that this will support many new agent-based collaboration metaphors. The ability to migrate executing programs has applicability to mobile computing as well. Users can have their applications travel with them, as they move from one computing environment to another. We present an elegant programming model for creating migratory applications and describe an implementation. The biggest strength of our implementation is that the details of migration are completely hidden from the application programmer; arbitrary user interface applications can be migrated by a single `migration' command. We address system issues such as robustness, persistence and memory usage, and also human factors relating to the application design process, the interaction metaphor and safety.", } @InProceedings{cardelli:95b, title = "{A Language with Distributed Scope}", authorkey = "CardelliL", author = "Luca Cardelli", pages = "286--297", year = "1995", booktitle = "Proceedings of the 22nd Annual ACM Symposium on Principles of Programming Languages", url = "http://research.microsoft.com/Users/luca/Papers/Obliq.A4.pdf", abstract = "Obliq is a lexically-scoped untyped language that supports distributed object-oriented computation. Obliq objects have state and are local to a site. Obliq computations can roam over the network, while maintaining network connections. Distributed lexical scoping is the key mechanism for managing roaming computations.", } @InCollection{cardelli:97a, title = "{Mobile Computations}", authorkey = "CardelliL", author = "Luca Cardelli", year = "1997", booktitle = "Mobile Object Systems: Towards the Programmable Internet", editor = "{Jan Vitek} and {Christian Tschudin}", publisher = "Springer-Verlag: Heidelberg, Germany", series = "Lecture Notes in Computer Science", volume = "1222", pages = "3--6", url = "http://research.microsoft.com/Users/luca/Papers/MobileComputBookIntro.A4.pdf", } @TechReport{cardelli:94, title = "{Obliq: A language with distributed scope}", authorkey = "CardelliL", author = "Luca Cardelli", year = "1994", type = "{Research Report 122}", institution = "Digital Equipment Corporation Systems Research Center", url = "http://research.microsoft.com/Users/luca/Papers/ObliqPaper.A4.pdf", abstract = "Obliq is a lexically-scoped untyped language that supports distributed object-oriented computation. Obliq objects have state and are local to a site. Obliq computations can roam over the network, while maintaining network connections. Distributed lexical scoping is the key mechanism for managing roaming computations.", } @TechReport{brown:96, title = "{Distributed Active Objects}", authorkey = "BrownMH NajorkMN", author = "Marc H. Brown and Marc N. Najork", type = "{Research Report 141a}", institution = "Digital Equipment Corporation Systems Research Center", year = "1996", month = apr, url = "ftp://ftp.digital.com/pub/DEC/SRC/research-reports/SRC-141a.ps.Z", abstract = "Many Web browsers now offer some form of active objects, written in a variety of languages, and the number of types of active objects are growing daily in interesting and innovative ways. This report describes our work on Oblets, active objects that are distributed over multiple machines. Oblets are written in Obliq, an object-oriented scripting language for distributed computation. The high-level support provided by Oblets makes it easy to write collaborative and distributed applications.", } @InCollection{lashkari:94b, title = "{Collaborative Interface Agents}", authorkey = "LashkariY MetralM MaesP", author = "Y. Lashkari and M. Metral and P. Maes", year = "1994", month = aug, address = "Seattle, WA", booktitle = "Proceedings of the Twelfth National Conference on Artificial Intelligence", volume = "1", publisher = "AAAI Press", url = "ftp://ftp.media.mit.edu/pub/agents/interface-agents/coll-agents.ps", abstract = "Interface agents are semi-intelligent systems which assist users with daily computer-based tasks. Recently, various researchers have proposed a learning approach towards building such agents and some working prototypes have been demonstrated. Such agents learn by `watching over the shoulder' of the user and detecting patterns and regularities in the user's behavior. Despite the successes booked, a major problem with the learning approach is that the agent has to learn from scratch and thus takes some time becoming useful. Secondly, the agent's competence is necessarily limited to actions it has seen the user perform. Collaboration between agents assisting different users can alleviate both of these problems. We present a framework for multi-agent collaboration and discuss results of a working prototype, based on learning agents for electronic mail.", } @InCollection{agre:90d, title = "What Are Plans For?", authorkey = "AgrePE ChapmanD", author = "P. E. Agre and D. Chapman", booktitle = "Designing Autonomous Agents", editor = "P. Maes", pages = "17--34", publisher = "The MIT Press: Cambridge, MA, USA", year = "1990", } @Article{bala95, authorkey = "BalabanovicM ShohamY YunY", author = "Marko Balabanovic and Yoav Shoham and Yeogirl Yun", title = "An Adaptive Agent for Automated Web Browsing", journal = "Journal of Visual Communication and Image Representation", year = "1995", month = dec, volume = "6", number = "4", keywords = "agents, digital library", url = "http://elib.stanford.edu/Dienst/UI/2.0/Describe/stanford.cs\%2fCS-TN-97-52", } @InProceedings{Schaerf:1995:ALB, authorkey = "SchaerfA ShohamY TennenholtzM", author = "Andrea Schaerf and Yoav Shoham and Moshe Tennenholtz", title = "Adaptive Load Balancing: a study in co-learning", booktitle = "IJCAI-95 Workshop on Adaptation and Learning in Multiagent Systems", year = "1995", pages = "78--83", editor = "Sandip Sen", abstract = "In our work we study the process of multi-agent reinforcement learning in the context of load balancing in a distributed system without use of either central coordination or explicit communication. We first define a precise framework in which to study adaptive load balancing, improtan features of which are its stochastic nature and the purely local inforamtion available to individual agents. Given this framework, we show illuminating results on the interplay between basic adaptive beehavior parameters and their effect on system efficiency. We then investigate the properties of adaptive load balancing in heterogeneous populations, and expose various phenomena related to the issue of exploration vs. exploitation in that context. In addition, we show that naive use of communication may not improve, and might even deteriorate system efficiency.", } @Article{koll96a, authorkey = "KollerD ShohamY", author = "D. Koller and Y. Shoham", title = "Information agents: {A} new challenge for {AI}", journal = "IEEE Expert", year = "1996", month = jun, pages = "8--10", url = "http://robotics.stanford.edu/users/daphne/papers/ieee-expert.ps", } @InProceedings{shoha-1991:agentsimpl:inbook:704, authorkey = "ShohamY", author = "Yoav Shoham", title = "{AGENT0}: {A} Simple Agent Language and Its Interpreter", booktitle = "Proceedings of the Ninth National Conference on Artificial Intelligence (AAAI-91)", year = "1991", volume = "2", address = "Anaheim, California, USA", month = jul, publisher = "AAAI Press/MIT Press", ISBN = "0-262-51059-6", keywords = "Representation in Planning", pages = "704--709", } @InProceedings{finin:94a, authorkey = "FritzsonR FininT McKayD McEntireR", author = "Rich Fritzson and Tim Finin and Don McKay and Robin McEntire", title = "{KQML} --- {A} Language and Protocol for Knowledge and Information Exchange", booktitle = "Proceedings of the Thirteenth International Workshop on Distributed Artificial Intelligence", pages = "126--136", address = "Seattle, WA", month = jul, year = "1994", url = "ftp://gopher.cs.umbc.edu/pub/ARPA/kqml/papers/kbks.ps", } @Misc{finin:93, title = "{Specification of the KQML Agent-Communication Language -- plus example agent policies and architectures}", authorkey = "FininT", author = "Tim Finin and others", year = "1993", organization = "The DARPA Knowledge Sharing Initiative External Interfaces Working Group", url = "http://www.cs.umbc.edu/kqml/papers/kqmlspec.ps", abstract = "This document is a draft of an initial specification for the KQML agent communication language being developed by the external interfaces working group of the DARPA Knowledge Sharing Effort. KQML is intendewd to be a high-level language to be used by knowledge-based system to share knowledge at run time.", } @TechReport{labrou:97, title = "{A Proposal for a new KQML Specification}", authorkey = "LabrouY FininT", author = "Yannis Labrou and Tim Finin", month = feb, year = "1997", institution = "Computer Science and Electrical Engineering Department, University of Maryland Baltimore County", address = "Baltimore, MD 21250", number = "TR CS-97-03", url = "http://www.cs.umbc.edu/~jklabrou/publications/tr9703.ps", abstract = "We propose a new specification for the Knowledge Query and Manipulation Language (KQML). KQML is a language for the communication between software agents. KQML offers a variety of message types (performatives) that express an attitude regarding the content of the exchange. Performatives can also assist agents in finding other agents that can process their requests. Our starting point for the specification of KQML is [1]. Although the differences regarding the syntax of KQML messages and the reserved performative parameters are minimal, there are significant changes regarding the set of reserved performatives, their meaning and intended use.", } @Misc{huberman:96, title = "{Beehive: A System for Cooperative Filtering and Sharing of Information}", authorkey = "HubermanBA KaminskyM", author = "Bernardo A. Huberman and Michael Kaminsky", organization = "Xerox PARC", month = aug, year = "1996", url = "ftp://parcftp.xerox.com/pub/dynamics/beehive.ps", abstract = "We have designed and implemented a distributed system for social sharing and filtering of information. It relies on the automatic recording of the behavior and interactions of members of communities of practice. The system automatically updates membership in informal communities at regular intervals and provides a simple and intuitive interface for distributing relevant information among its members.", } @InProceedings{joseph:95, authorkey = "JosephAD deLespinasseAF TauberJA GiffordDK KaashoekFM", author = "Anthony D. Joseph and Alan F. deLespinasse and Joshua A. Tauber and David K. Gifford and Frans M. Kaashoek", title = "{Rover: A Toolkit for Mobile Information Access}", pages = "156--171", booktitle = "Proceedings of the 15th ACM Symposium on Operating Systems Principles", year = "1995", month = dec, address = "Copper Mountain, Co.", url = "http://www.pdos.lcs.mit.edu/papers/rover-sosp95.ps.gz", abstract = "The Rover toolkit combines relocatable dynamic objects andqueued remote procedure calls to provide unique services for ``roving'' mobile applications. A relocatable dynamic object is an object with a well-defined interface that can be dynamically loaded into a client computer from a server computer (or vice versa) to reduce client-server communication requirements. Queuedremote procedurecall is a communication system that permits applications to continue to makenon-blockingremote procedure call requests even whena host is disconnected, with requests and responses being exchangedupon network reconnection. The challenges of mobile environments include intermittent connectivity, limited bandwidth, and channel-use optimization. Experimental results from a Rover-based mail reader, calendar program, and two non-blocking versions of World-Wide Web browsers show that Rover's services are a good match to these challenges. The Rover toolkit also offers advantages for workstation applications by providing a uniform distributed object architecture for code shipping, object caching, and asynchronous object invocation.", } @InProceedings{knabe:96, authorkey = "KnabeFC", author = "Frederick C. Knabe", title = "{An Overview of Mobile Agent Programming}", booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th LOMAPS Workshop on Analysis and Verification of Multiple-Agent Languages", year = "1996", address = "Stockholm, Sweden", month = jun, url = "http://www.cs.virginia.edu/~knabe/lomaps96.ps.gz", abstract = "Mobile agents are code-containing objects that may be transmitted between communicating participants in a distributed system. Compared to systems that only allow the exchange of nonexecutable data, those incorporating mobile agents can achieve significant gains in performance and functionality. \par Languages with first-class functions provide a good starting point for agent programming, as they make it easy to express the construction, transmission, receipt, and subsequent execution of agents. However, for developing real agent-based systems, a language implementation must handle architectural heterogeneity between communicating machines and provide sufficient performance for applications based on agents. In addition, agents need to be able to access resources on remote execution sites yet remain in a framework that provides sufficient security. \par In this paper we consider the uses of mobile agents and how a distributed functional language can be extended to support them. We review other agent languages and present several observations on how further work in this area may proceed.", } @InCollection{Knabe:97, authorkey = "KnabeF", author = "Frederick Knabe", title = "Performance-Oriented Implementation Strategies for a Mobile Agent Language", year = "1997", volume = "1222", pages = "229--244", month = apr, editor = "Jan Vitek and Christian Tschudin", publisher = "Springer-Verlag: Heidelberg, Germany", series = "Lecture Notes in Computer Science", booktitle = "Mobile {O}bject {S}ystems: {T}owards the {P}rogrammable {I}nternet", url = "http://www.cs.virginia.edu/~knabe/performance97.ps.gz", abstract = "The use of larger and more complex mobile agents in distributed applications has created a need for agent programming systems that deliver better performance. The implementation of Extended Facile, a mobile agent language, uses several strategies to boost performance. We review four main techniques: allowing agents to use different transmissible representations, optimistically transmitting machine code with agents, stripping agents of data and code that can be found at their recipients before transmitting them, and performing agent compilation lazily. Quantitative measurements show that these methods can boost absolute and relative performance.", } @TechReport{knabe:95, title = "{Language Support for Mobile Agents}", authorkey = "KnabeF", author = "Frederick Knabe", month = dec, year = "1995", number = "CMU-CS-95-223", institution = "Carnegie Mellon University", address = "Pittsburgh, PA 15213", url = "http://www.cs.virginia.edu/~knabe/dissertation.ps.gz", abstract = "Mobile agents are code-containing objects that may be transmitted between communicating participants in a distributed system. As opposed to systems that only allow the exchange of nonexecutable data, systems incorporating mobile agents can achieve significant gains in performance and functionality. \par A programming language for mobile agents must be able to express their construction, transmission, receipt, and subsequent execution. Its implementation must handle architectural heterogeneity between communicating machines and provide sufficient performance for applications based on agents. In addition to these essential properties, an agent language may support desirable properties such as high-level abstractions for code manipulation and the ability to access resources on remote execution sites. \par We designed and implemented an agent programming language that satisfies the essential properties and a number of desirable ones. A key feature of our language is the use of strong static typing for remote resource access. Agents may be linked dynamically to resources on remote sites, and this linking is always guaranteed to be type safe. We provide this guarantee without requiring that all components of an agent-based system be compiled together. \par Our language also includes several features to improve the performance of mobile agents. Before an agent is transmitted, it is trimmed of values that are expected to be available on the recipient, thus shrinking transmissions. Agents may be interpreted or compiled depending on the application and the relative performance trade-offs. When compilation is used, it is done lazily: Each component of an agent is only compiled as it is needed. Furthermore, machine-specific representations for an agent can be transmitted with machine-independent ones, opening the possibility for recipients to skip compilation or interpretation altogether. \par To evaluate our language and to explore the potential of mobile agents, we developed a programming framework for agents. Several applications were implemented by other programmers within this framework using our language. Their work served to validate our design and our choice of agent language properties. We also analyzed the performance of our language on these applications and several synthetic benchmarks. The analysis shows that the features we incorporated into the implementation significantly improve performance.", } @Article{maes:94e, title = "{Agents that Reduce Work and Information Overload}", authorkey = "MaesP", author = "Pattie Maes", journal = "Communications of the ACM", volume = "37", number = "7", pages = "31--40", year = "1994", month = jul, publisher = "ACM Press", url = "http://pattie.www.media.mit.edu/people/pattie/CACM-94/CACM-94.p1.html", abstract = "The ``information highway'' will present us with an explosion of new computer-based tasks and services, but the complexity of this new environment will demand a new style of human-computer interaction, where the computer becomes an intelligent, active and personalized collaborator. Interface agents are computer programs that employ Artificial Intelligence techniques to provide active assistance to a user with computer-based tasks. Agents radically change the current user experience, through the metaphor that an agent can act as a personal assistant. The agent acquires its competence by learning from the user as well as from agents assisting other users. Several prototype agents have been built using this technique, including agents that provide personalized assistance with meeting scheduling, electronic mail handling, electronic news filtering and selection of entertainment.", } @Article{genesereth:94a, authorkey = "GeneserethMR KetchpelSP", author = "Michael R. Genesereth and Steven P. Ketchpel", title = "{Software Agents}", journal = "Communications of the ACM", volume = "37", number = "7", pages = "48--53", month = jul, year = "1994", url = "http://logic.stanford.edu/sharing/papers/agents.ps", } @Article{bates:94a, authorkey = "BatesJ", author = "Joseph Bates", title = "{The Role of Emotion in Believable Agents}", journal = "Communications of the ACM", volume = "37", number = "7", pages = "122--125", month = jul, year = "1994", url = "http://www.cs.cmu.edu/afs/cs.cmu.edu/project/oz/web/papers/ba-and-emotion.ps", } @TechReport{kif, title = "{Knowledge Interchange Format, Version 3.0 Reference Manual}", authorkey = "GeneserethMR FikesRE", author = "M. R. Genesereth and R. E. Fikes", month = jun, year = "1992", number = "Logic-92-1", institution = "Computer Science Department, Stanford University", url = "http://www-ksl.stanford.edu/knowledge-sharing/papers/kif.ps", abstract = "Knowledge Interchange Format (KIF) is a computer-oriented language for the interchange of knowledge among disparate programs. It has declarative semantics (i.e. the meaning of expressions in the representation can be understood without appeal to an interpreter for manipulating those expressions); it is logically comprehensive (i.e. it provides for the expression of arbitrary sentences in the first-order predicate calculus); it provides for the representation of knowledge about the representation of knowledge; it provides for the representation of nonmonotonic reasoning rules; and it provides for the definition of objects, functions, and relations.", } @InCollection{ciancarini:97, authorkey = "CiancariniP RossiD", author = "Paolo Ciancarini and Davide Rossi", title = "{Jada - Coordination and Communication for Java Agents}", year = "1997", volume = "1222", pages = "213--228", month = apr, editor = "Jan Vitek and Christian Tschudin", publisher = "Springer-Verlag: Heidelberg, Germany", series = "Lecture Notes in Computer Science", booktitle = "Mobile {O}bject {S}ystems: {T}owards the {P}rogrammable {I}nternet", abstract = "In this chapter we are going to analyze mobile code issues in the perspective of object oriented systems in which thread migration is not supported. This means that both object's code and data can be transmitted from a place to another but not the current execution state (if any) associated to the object. This is the case with the Java language which is often used in the WWW for developing applets which are little applications downloaded on the fly and executed in the client machine. While this mechanism is quite useful for enhancing HTML documents with sound and animation, we think that this technology can give its best in the field of distributed-cooperative work, both in the perspective of Internet and Intranet connectivity. Java is indeed a concurrent, multithreaded language, but it offers little help for distributed programming. Thus, we introduce Jada, a coordination toolkit for Java where coordination among either concurrent threads or distributed Java objects is achieved via shared object spaces. By exchanging objects through tuple spaces, Java programs and applets can exchange data or synchronize their actions over a single host, a LAN, or even the Internet. The access to an object space is performed using a set of methods of the ObjectSpace class. Such operations are Out (to put an object in the object space), In and Read (to get or to read associatively an object from the object space), and others, mostly inspired by the Linda language. Jada does not extends the syntax of Java because it is a set of classes. We show how it changes the way we design multiuser, distributed applications (such as the ones based on the WWW) allowing easy interactions between software components and agents. Under this perspective we can outline a system of any scale which uses the dynamic linking capability of Java to distribute the code and the coordination facility of Jada to handle distributed entities inter-relations.", url = "ftp://ftp.cs.unibo.it/pub/cianca/jada\_mo.ps.gz", } @InCollection{Domel97, authorkey = "DomelP", author = "Peter D{\"o}mel", title = "{Interaction of {J}ava and {T}elescript {A}gents}", year = "1997", volume = "1222", pages = "295--314", month = apr, editor = "Jan Vitek and Christian Tschudin", publisher = "Springer-Verlag: Heidelberg, Germany", series = "Lecture Notes in Computer Science", booktitle = "Mobile {O}bject {S}ystems: {T}owards the {P}rogrammable {I}nternet", abstract = "Programs that use mobility as a mechanism to adapt to resource changes have three requirements that are not shared with other mobile programs. First, they need to monitor the level and quality of resources in their operating environment. Second, they need to be able to react to changes in resource availability. Third, they need to be able to control the way in which resources are used on their behalf (by libraries and other support code). In this chapter, we describe the design and implementation of Sumatra, an extension of Java that supports resource-aware mobile programs. We also describe the design and implementation of a distributed resource monitor that provides the information required by Sumatra programs.", } @Article{Lib97, authorkey = "LibesD", author = "D. Libes", title = "{Tcl/Tk-based agents for Mail and News Notification}", journal = "Software: Practice and Experience", volume = "27", number = "4", pages = "481--494", year = "1997", url = "http://www.nist.gov/msidlibrary/doc/libes97a.ps", abstract = "Two agent implementations are described - one for mail notification and one for news notification. Both agents are implemented using Tcl. This paper provides a brief history and perspective of similar agents. Included are experiences using Tcl as an agent-implementation language and comparisons of the results to similar agents. Also described are some new techniques of interest to Tcl programmers.", } @Article{Costa:1996:AEB, authorkey = "CostaM FeijoB", author = "Monica Costa and Bruno Feijo", title = "Agents with emotions in behavioral animation", journal = "Computers and Graphics", volume = "20", number = "3", pages = "377--384", month = may # "--" # jun, year = "1996", keywords = "Animation; Artificial intelligence; Behavioral animation systems; Cognitive model; Cognitive systems; Computer architecture; Computer simulation; Computer systems; Reactive agent structure; Reactive emotional response architecture; Virtual reality", } @InProceedings{lnai830*55, authorkey = "BatesJ LoyallAB ReillyWS", author = "Joseph Bates and A. Bryan Loyall and W. Scott Reilly", title = "An Architecture for Action, Emotion, and Social Behavior", pages = "55--68", ISBN = "3-540-58266-5", editor = "Cristiano Castefranchi and Eric Werner", booktitle = "Proceedings of the 4th European Workshop on Modelling Autonomous Agents in a Multi-Agent World : Artificial Social Systems", month = jul, series = "LNAI", volume = "830", publisher = "Springer-Verlag: Heidelberg, Germany", year = "1994", } @Article{m-drt-90, authorkey = "MaesP", author = "P. Maes", title = "How to do the Right Thing", journal = "Connection Science Journal, Special Issue on Hybrid Systems", volume = "1", year = "1990", url = "http://agents.www.media.mit.edu/groups/agents/Publications/Pattie/consci/consci.ps", abstract = "This paper presents a novel approach to the problem of action selection for an autonomous agent. An agent is viewed as a collection of competence modules. Action selection is modelled as an emergent property of an activation/inhibition dynamics among these modules. A concrete action selection algorithm is presented and a detailed account of the results is given. This algorithm combines characteristics of both traditional planners and reactive systems. It provides global parameters, which one can use to tune the action selection behavior along several criteria, such as goal orientedness versus situation orientedness, bias towards ongoing plans versus adaptivity, and sensitivity to goal conflicts and `thoughtfulness' versus speed.", } @Article{Maes:1995:IS, authorkey = "MaesP", author = "Pattie Maes", title = "Intelligent Software", journal = "Scientific American", volume = "273", number = "3", pages = "84--86", month = sep, year = "1995", url = "http://pattie.www.media.mit.edu/people/pattie/SciAm-95.html", keywords = "Agents; Computer software; Electronic ecosystems; Interactive computer systems; Interfaces (computer); Software agents", } @InProceedings{iwiui93*81, authorkey = "KozierokR MaesP", author = "Robyn Kozierok and Pattie Maes", title = "A learning Interface Agent for Scheduling Meetings", pages = "81--88", ISBN = "0-89791-556-9", editor = "Wayne D. Gray and William E. Hefley and Dianne Murray", booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Workshop on Intelligent User Interfaces", month = jan, publisher = "ACM Press", address = "New York, NY, USA", year = "1992", } @InProceedings{yonezawa:86, authorkey = "YonezawaA BriotJR ShibayamaE", author = "A. Yonezawa and J. R. Briot and E. Shibayama", title = "Object-oriented concurrent programming in {ABCL/1}", booktitle = "Proceedings of the 1986 Conference on Object-Oriented Programming Systems, Languages and Applications (OOPSLA'86)", publisher = "ACM Press", pages = "258--268", month = nov, year = "1986", url = "ftp://ftp.yl.is.s.u-tokyo.ac.jp/pub/members/briot/papers/abcl-oopsla86.ps.gz", } @Article{Maes:1995:ALM, authorkey = "MaesP", author = "Pattie Maes", title = "Artificial Life Meets Enfertainment: Lifelike Autonomous Agents", journal = "Communications of the ACM", volume = "38", number = "11", pages = "108--114", month = nov, year = "1995", url = "http://pattie.www.media.mit.edu/people/pattie/CACM-95/alife-cacm95.html", } @InProceedings{aaai93*459, authorkey = "MaesP KozierokR", author = "Pattie Maes and Robyn Kozierok", title = "Learning Interface Agents", pages = "459--464", ISBN = "0-262-51071-5", booktitle = "Proceedings of the 11th National Conference on Artificial Intelligence", month = jul, publisher = "AAAI Press", address = "Menlo Park, CA, USA", year = "1993", } @TechReport{Dartmouth:TR96-279, authorkey = "GrayRS", author = "Robert S. Gray", title = "{Fast compression of transportable Tcl scripts}", institution = "Dartmouth College, Computer Science", address = "Hanover, NH", number = "PCS-TR96-279", year = "1996", month = feb, url = "ftp://ftp.cs.dartmouth.edu/TR/TR96-279.ps.Z", abstract = "An information agent is charged with the task of searching a collection of electronic resources for information that is relevant to the user's current needs. These resources are often distributed across a network and can contain tremendous quantities of data. One of the paradigms that has been suggested for allowing efficient access to such resources is transportable agents -- the agent is sent to the machine that maintains the information resource; the agent executes on this remote machine and then returns its results to the local machine. We have implemented a transportable agent system that uses the Tool Command Language (Tcl) as the agent language. Each Tcl script can suspend its execution at an arbitrary point, transport itself to another machine and resume execution on the new machine. The execution state of the script -- which includes the commands that have not been executed -- must be transmitted to the new machine. Although the execution state tends to be small, there will be a large number of agents moving across the network in a large-scale system. Thus it is desirable to compress the execution state as much as possible. Furthermore any compression scheme must be fast so that it does not become a bottleneck between the transportable agent system and the network routines. In this paper we explore several fast compression methods.", } @Article{Anonymous:1994:ALT, authorkey = "", author = "Anonymous", title = "Agents on the Loose: {Telescript}, {General Magic}'s communications-oriented programming language, lets developers write tools that permit casual users to create intelligent applications that seek out and retrieve important information", journal = "Byte Magazine", volume = "19", number = "2", pages = "23", month = feb, year = "1994", url = "http://www.byte.com/art/9402/sec3/art2.htm", } @InProceedings{TarVal96, authorkey = "TardoJ ValenteL", author = "J. Tardo and L. Valente", title = "Mobile agent security and telescript", year = "1996", booktitle = "{IEEE} CompCon", broken-url = "http://www.genmagic.com/Telescript/Compcon96.ps", abstract = "Telescript is a software technology for building distributed applications using the mobile agent paradigm. Telescript mobile agents are migrating processes capable of being executed on any Telescript service host. This paper describes the safety and security features of first-generation Telescript networks. These features are sufficient for deploying early mobile agent applications, subject to certain operating restrictions. The ultimate goal is the safe hosting of arbitrary, previously unseen programs, or ''programming the network.''", } @TechReport{white:94a, authorkey = "WhiteJE", author = "J. E. White", title = "Telescript Technology: The Foundation for the Electronic Marketplace", institution = "General Magic, Inc.", address = "2465 Latham Street, Mountain View, CA 94040", type = "White Paper", year = "1994", } @Article{Laufmann:1996:IMS, authorkey = "LaufmannS", author = "S. Laufmann", title = "The Information Marketplace: Achieving Success in Commercial Applications", journal = "Lecture Notes in Computer Science", volume = "1028", pages = "115--??", year = "1996", url = "http://advtech.w3.uswest.com/people/laufmann/LNCS\_96.ps", } @InProceedings{LNAI611*223, authorkey = "LaufmannSC", author = "S. C. Laufmann", title = "Coarse-Grained Distributed Agents for Transparent Access to Remote Systems", pages = "223--237", editor = "J. {Papazoglou, M.P.; Zeleznikow}", ISBN = "3-540-55616-8", booktitle = "The Next Generation of Information Systems : From Data to Knowledge; a selection of papers presented at two {IJCAI}-91 Workshops", address = "Sydney, Australia", month = aug, year = "1991", series = "LNAI", volume = "611", publisher = "Springer-Verlag: Heidelberg, Germany", } @InProceedings{cesta95, title = "{Active Interfaces for Useful Software Tools}", authorkey = "CestaA DaloisiD GianniniV", author = "A. Cesta and D. D'Aloisi and V. Giannini", editor = "Y. Anzai and K. Ogawa and H. Mori", booktitle = "Symbiosis of Human and Artifact (Proceedings of HCI '95)", address = "Tokyo, Japan", year = "1995", pages = "225--230", publisher = "Elsevier Science B.V.: Amsterdam, Netherland", url = "http://airone.fub.it:8080/projects/tokio.ps", abstract = "The majority of public domain software tools is endowed with programmeroriented interfaces and, as a consequence, they are mainly devoted to ``hackers'' or specialized programmers. This paper concerns the development of an active interface used to make the utilization of a free software for filtering e-mail messages easy. A multi-agent implementation of an interface is proposed that from one side allows the user to easily specify his needs and from another actively reasons on the user's choices to improve the performance of the filtering process.", } @InProceedings{dAloisi95, title = "{The Info Agent: An Interface for Supporting Users in Intelligent Retrieval}", authorkey = "DaloisiD GianniniV", author = "Daniela D'Aloisi and Vittorio Giannini", booktitle = "Proceedings of the ERCIM Workshop on Towards User Interfaces for All: Current Efforts and Future Trends", address = "Heraklion, Crete, Greece", month = oct, year = "1995", pages = "145--158", url = "http://airone.fub.it:8080/projects/infoercim.ps", abstract = "In this paper we present a system that supports users in retrieving data in distributed and heterogeneous archives and repositories. The architecture is based on the metaphor of the software agents and incorporates innovative hints from other fields: distributed architectures, relevance feedback and active interfaces. The system has a cooperative and supportive role: it understands the user's needs and learns from his behavior. Its aim is to disengage the user from learning complex tools and from performing tedious and repetitive actions.", } @InProceedings{cesta95b, title = "{Actives Interfaces Through Software Agents}", authorkey = "CestaA DaloisiD", author = "A. Cesta and D. D'Aloisi", booktitle = "Proceedings of the ERCIM Workshop on Towards User Interfaces for All: Current Efforts and Future Trends", address = "Heraklion, Crete, Greece", month = oct, year = "1995", pages = "209--214", url = "http://airone.fub.it:8080/projects/interfaceercim.ps", abstract = "This paper concerns the development of an interface environment to help users in repetitive tasks in office work. The main ideas in the project concern: the development of active interfaces that autonomously perform tasks minimizing the interaction with the user; the use of the agent-oriented paradigm to provide both distributedness and incrementality of the software environment. The paper quickly illustrates the main issues addressed in the project and shows how they are exploited in the development of an active interface for filtering e-mail messages. The architecture of the filtering agent follows a multi-agent implementation.", } @Article{Cesta96, title = "{Building Interfaces as Personal Agents: A Case Study}", authorkey = "CestaA DaloisiD", author = "A. Cesta and D. D'Aloisi", journal = "Sigchi Bulletin", volume = "3", month = jul, year = "1996", url = "http://airone.fub.it:8080/projects/CestaDAloisi-sigchi.ps", abstract = "This paper concerns the development of interfaces which perform tasks on behalf of the user. Recently the concept of task delegation has gained consideration due to the increasing number of assignments that are quite repetitive and tedious, like dealing with electronic messages, managing personal agendas, retrieving data and information in remote and distributed repositories. These tasks are generally connected to the development of computer networks. The design of such interfaces presents a high degree of complexity since the relationship with the user and his needs is very critical: in most cases the user wants to control the jobs to be mechanized but in the same time he wants to be free from wasting his time in performing repetitive patterns of actions. In this paper the main problems concerning the design of active and cooperative interfaces are investigated. Then a solution is proposed based on the approaches of software agents and distributed architectures. Starting point of the project is to integrate and make accessible different tools and applications regularly utilized by a user: all these elements concur in building a flexible and scalable environment that the user can access through intelligent agents that work as interfaces.", } @Article{cesta96a, title = "{An Agent-Based Approach for Interacting with the Web}", authorkey = "CestaA DaloisiD GianniniV", author = "A. Cesta and D. D'Aloisi and V. Giannini", journal = "ERCIM News", volume = "25", month = apr, year = "1996", } @InProceedings{amati96, title = "{An Integrated System for Filtering News and Managing Distributed Data}", authorkey = "AmatiG DaloisiD GianniniV UbaldiniF", author = "G. Amati and D. D'Aloisi and V. Giannini and F. Ubaldini", booktitle = "Proceedings of the First International Conference on Practical Aspects of Knowledge-Management (PAKM '96)", address = "Basel (CH)", month = oct, year = "1996", url = "http://airone.fub.it:8080/projects/pakm96.ps", abstract = "With the development and diffusion of the Internet worldwide connection, a large amount of information can be delivered to the users. To avoid their being overflowed by the incoming data, methods of information filtering are required. Thus, there is the problem of determining what information is relevant to the user and how this decision can be taken by a supporting system. Parametric and qualitative descriptors of user's interest must be generated. This paper presents two approaches. The first concerns an information filtering system based on an adaptation of the generalized probabilistic model of information retrieval. The user profile is a vector of weighted terms which are learned from the relevance assessment values given by the user on the training set. Positive terms are considered relevant to the informative need of the user, negative ones irrelevant. The relevance values are interpreted as subjective probabilities and hence are mapped into the real interval [0; 1]. ProFile is a filtering system for the netnews which uses this model with a scale of 11 predefined values of relevance. ProFile allows the user to update on-line his profile and to check the discrepancy between his assessment and the prediction of relevance of the system. The second concerns the InfoAgent, a system for supporting users in retrieving data in distributed and heterogeneous archives and repositories. The architecture is based on the metaphor of the software agents and incorporates innovative hints from other fields: distributed architectures, relevance feedback and active interfaces. The system has a cooperative and supportive role: it understands the user's needs and learns from his behavior. Its aim is to disengage the user from learning complex tools and from performing tedious and repetitive actions.", } @InProceedings{HMDWMR96, authorkey = "HyltonJ ManheimerK DrakeFL WarsawB MasseR RossumG", author = "J. Hylton and K. Manheimer and F. L. {Drake Jr.} and B. Warsaw and R. Masse and G. {van Rossum}", title = "Knowbot Programming: System Support for Mobile Agents", address = "Seattle, Wash.", year = "1996", month = oct, pages = "8--13", abstract = "Knowbot Programs are mobile agents intended for use in widely distributed systems like the Internet. We describe our experiences implementing security, process migration, and inter-process communication in a prototype system implemented using the object-oriented programming language Python. This infrastructure supports applications that are composed of multiple, autonomous agents that can migrate to use network resources more efficiently.", booktitle = "Fifth International Workshop on Object Orientation in Operating Systems", url = "http://www.cnri.reston.va.us/home/koe/iwooos.html", } @Misc{Droms:89, authorkey = "DromsR", author = "Ralph Droms", title = "The Knowbot Information Service", howpublished = "FTP Report - Corporation for National Research Initiatives (CNRI)", month = dec, year = "1989", url = "ftp://nri.reston.va.us/rdroms/KIS-id.PS, ftp://nri.reston.va.us/rdroms/KIS-id.txt", } @Article{etzioni93, authorkey = "EtzioniO", author = "O. Etzioni", title = "Intelligence Without Robots ({A} Reply to Brooks)", journal = "AI Magazine", volume = "14", number = "4", year = "1993", pages = "7--13", url = "ftp://ftp.cs.washington.edu/pub/etzioni/softbots/intelligence-without-robots.ps.Z", } @TechReport{Etzioni:93b, authorkey = "EtzioniO LevyHM SegalRB ThekkathCA", author = "O. Etzioni and H. M. Levy and R. B. Segal and C. A. Thekkath", title = "{OS} Agents: Using {AI} Techniques in the Operating System Environment", number = "UW-CSE-93-04-04", institution = "University of Washington", month = apr, year = "1993", url = "ftp://ftp.cs.washington.edu/tr/1993/04/UW-CSE-93-04-04.PS.Z", abstract = "While recent decades have brought substantial change to the form of the operating system interface, the power of operating system commands has remained nearly constant. Conventional commands, whether visual or textual, specify one particular action to perform. To carry out a complex task, such as reducing disk utilization, the user is forced to explicitly specify each of the necessary steps. Traditional command-language extension mechanisms, such as shell scripts and pipes, enable the user to aggregate and compose various commands, but force him or her to write and debug programs -- a formidable challenge for naive users. This paper presents a goal-oriented approach to the operating system command interface, realized through an implementation we call OS agents. Using OS agents, the user simply specifies a goal to accomplish, and the OS agent decides how to accomplish that goal using its knowledge base of the system state and its commands. The OS agent dynamically synthesizes the appropriate command sequence, issues the required commands and system calls, handles errors, and retries commands if necessary. With OS agents, we have applied AI planning and learning techniques to the operating system environment to increase the power of the user's commands.", } @Article{Etzioni:1995:SAI, authorkey = "EtzioniO LevyHM SegalRB ThekkathCA", author = "Oren Etzioni and Henry M. Levy and Richard B. Segal and Chandramohan A. Thekkath", title = "The {Softbot} Approach To {OS} Interfaces", journal = "IEEE Software", volume = "12", number = "4", pages = "42--51", month = jul, year = "1995", keywords = "Algorithms; Artificial intelligence; Computer networks; Computer operating systems; Computer programming; Computer software; Internet; Learning systems; Operating system interface; Performance; Performance analysis; Software robot; UNIX; User interfaces", url = "ftp://ftp.cs.washington.edu/pub/etzioni/softbots/os-agents.ps.Z", } @InProceedings{FOCS96*234, authorkey = "EtzioniO HanksS JiangT KarpRM MadaniO WaartsO", author = "O. Etzioni and S. Hanks and T. Jiang and R. M. Karp and O. Madani and O. Waarts", title = "Efficient Information Gathering on the Internet", pages = "234--243", booktitle = "{FOCS} '96; 37th Annual Symposium on Foundations of Computer Science", ISBN = "0-8186-7594-2", month = oct, publisher = "IEEE Press", address = "Washington - Brussels - Tokyo", year = "1996", url = "ftp://ftp.cs.washington.edu/pub/etzioni/softbots/focs96.ps.gz", } @InProceedings{Engines:97, authorkey = "SchulteC", author = "Christian Schulte", title = "Programming Constraint Inference Engines", editor = "Gert Smolka", booktitle = "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Principles and Practice of Constraint Programming", year = "1997", address = "Schloss Hagenberg, Linz, Austria", series = "Lecture Notes in Computer Science", publisher = "Springer-Verlag: Heidelberg, Germany", month = oct, url = "ftp://ftp.ps.uni-sb.de/pub/papers/ProgrammingSysLab/Engines.ps.gz", abstract = "Existing constraint programming systems offer a fixed set of inference engines implementing search strategies such as single, all, and best solution search. This is unfortunate, since new engines cannot be integrated by the user. The paper presents first-classcomputation spaces as abstractions with which the user can program inference engines at a high level. Using computation spaces, the paper covers several inference engines ranging from standard search strategies to techniques new to constraint programming, including limited discrepancy search, visual search, and saturation. Saturation is an inference method for tautology-checking used in industrial practice. Computation spaces have shown their practicability in the constraint programming system Oz.", } @InProceedings{Explorer:97, authorkey = "SchulteC", author = "Christian Schulte", title = "{Oz Explorer}: {A} Visual Constraint Programming Tool", editor = "Lee Naish", booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourteenth International Conference on Logic Programming", year = "1997", month = jul, pages = "286--300", address = "Leuven, Belgium", publisher = "The MIT Press: Cambridge, MA, USA", url = "ftp://ftp.ps.uni-sb.de/pub/papers/ProgrammingSysLab/Explorer.ps.gz", abstract = "This paper describes the Oz Explorer and its implementation. The Explorer is a visual constraint programming tool intended to support the development of constraint programs. It uses the search tree of a constraint problem as its central metaphor. Exploration and visualization of the search tree are user-driven and interactive. The constraints of any node in the tree are available first-class: predefined or user-defined procedures can be used to display or analyze them. The Explorer is a fast and memory efficient tool intended for the development of real-world constraint programs. The Explorer is implemented in Oz using first-class computation spaces. There is no fixed search strategy in Oz. Instead, first-class computation spaces allow to program search engines. The Explorer is one particular example of a user-guided search engine. The use of recomputation to trade space for time makes it possible to solve large real-world problems, which would use too much memory otherwise.", } @InProceedings{ijcai95-1*924, authorkey = "LiebermanH", author = "Henry Lieberman", title = "Letizia: An Agent That Assists Web Browsing", pages = "924--929", ISBN = "1-55860-363-8", editor = "Chris S. Mellish", booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fourteenth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence", month = aug # "~20-- ~25", publisher = "Morgan Kaufmann publishers Inc.: San Mateo, CA, USA", year = "1995", url = "http://lcs.www.media.mit.edu/people/lieber/Lieberary/Letizia/Letizia-AAAI/Letizia.ps", abstract = "Letizia is a user interface agent that assists a user browsing the World Wide Web. As the user operates a conventional Web browser such as Netscape, the agent tracks user behavior and attempts to anticipate items of interest by doing concurrent, autonomous exploration of links from the user's current position. The agent automates a browsing strategy consisting of a best-first search augmented by heuristics inferring user interest from browsing behavior.", } @InProceedings{ijcai95-1*924-foo, authorkey = "LiebermanH", author = "Henry Lieberman", title = "{Autonomous Interface Agents}", booktitle = "Proceedings of the ACM Conference on Computers and Human Interface, CHI-97", address = "Atlanta, Georgia", year = "1997", url = "http://lcs.www.media.mit.edu/people/lieber/Lieberary/Letizia/AIA/AIA.ps", abstract = "Two branches of the trend towards ``agents'' that are gaining currency are interface agents, software that actively assists a user in operating an interactive interface, and autonomous agents, software that takes action without user intervention and operates concurrently, either while the user is idle or taking other actions. These two branches are related, but not identical, and are often lumped together under the single term ``agent''. Much agent work can be classified as either being an interface agent, but not autonomous, or as an autonomous agent, but not operating directly in the interface. We show why it is important to have agents that are both interface agents and autonomous agents. We explore some design principles for such agents, and illustrate these principles with a description of Letizia, an autonomous interface agent that makes real-time suggestions for Web pages that a user might be interested in browsing.", } @InProceedings{ranganathan:97a, title = "{Network-aware Mobile Programs}", authorkey = "RanganathanM AcharyaA SharmaS SaltzJ", author = "Mudumbai Ranganathan and Anurag Acharya and Shamik Sharma and Joel Saltz", booktitle = "Proceedings of the USENIX 1997 Annual Technical Conference", year = "1997", month = jan, address = "Anaheim, CA", url = "http://www.cs.umd.edu/~acha/papers/usenix97.ps.gz", abstract = "In this paper, we investigate network-aware mobile programs, programs that can use mobility as a tool to adapt to variations in network characteristics. We present infrastructural support for mobility and network monitoring and show how adaptalk, a Java-based mobile Internet chat application can take advantage of this support to dynamically place the chat server so as to minimize response time. Our conclusion was that on-line network monitoring and adaptive placement of shared data-structures can significantly improve performance of distributed applications on the Internet.", } @InProceedings{Brooks85a, title = "A Layered Intelligent Control System for a Mobile Robot", authorkey = "BrooksRA", author = "R. A. Brooks", booktitle = "Third International Symposium of Robotics Research", address = "Gouvieux, France", year = "1985", pages = "1--8", } @Article{BRO91c, authorkey = "BrooksR", author = "R. Brooks", title = "New Approaches to Robotics", journal = "Science", volume = "235", month = sep, year = "1991", pages = "1227--1232", url = "http://www.ai.mit.edu/people/brooks/papers/new-approaches.ps.Z", } @InProceedings{maes:91a, authorkey = "MaesP", author = "P. Maes", title = "{The Agent Network Architecture}", booktitle = "Proceedings of th 1991 AAAI Spring Symposium on Integrated Intelligent Architectures", publisher = "AAAI Press", address = "Stanford", year = "1991", } @InProceedings{agents97*323, authorkey = "ChavezA MoukasA MaesP", author = "Anthony Chavez and Alexandros Moukas and Pattie Maes", title = "Challenger: {A} Multi-agent System for Distributed Resource Allocation", pages = "323--331", ISBN = "0-89791-877-0", editor = "W. Lewis Johnson and Barbara Hayes-Roth", booktitle = "Proceedings of the First International Conference on Autonomous Agents (Agents'97)", month = feb # "~5--8,", publisher = "ACM Press", address = "New York", year = "1997", url = "http://moux.www.media.mit.edu/people/moux/papers/chall.ps.gz", } @InProceedings{iui97*41, authorkey = "MaesP", author = "Pattie Maes", title = "Intelligent Software", pages = "41--46", ISBN = "0-89791-839-8", editor = "Johanna Moore and Ernesto Edmonds and Angel Puerta", booktitle = "Proceedings of the International Conference on Intelligent User Interfaces", month = jan # "6--9~", publisher = "ACM Press", address = "New York", year = "1997", url = "http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/uist/238218/p41-maes/p41-maes.pdf", } @Article{Chavez:1997:REC, authorkey = "ChavezA DreilingerD GuttmanR MaesP", author = "A. Chavez and D. Dreilinger and R. Guttman and P. Maes", title = "A Real-Life Experiment in Creating an Agent Marketplace", journal = "Lecture Notes in Computer Science", volume = "1198", pages = "160--178", year = "1997", url = "http://ecommerce.media.mit.edu/papers/paam97.pdf", } @InProceedings{agents97*518, authorkey = "VelasquezJ MaesP", author = "Juan Vel{\'a}squez and Pattie Maes", title = "Cathexis: {A} Computational Model of Emotions", pages = "518--519", ISBN = "0-89791-877-0", editor = "W. Lewis Johnson and Barbara Hayes-Roth", booktitle = "Proceedings of the First International Conference on Autonomous Agents (Agents'97)", month = feb # "~5--8,", publisher = "ACM Press", address = "New York", year = "1997", url = "http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/ai/267658/p518-velasquez/p518-velasquez.pdf", } @InProceedings{ChaMae96, authorkey = "ChavezA MaesP", author = "A. Chavez and P. Maes", title = "Kasbah: An agent marketplace for buying and selling goods", pages = "75--90", year = "1996", booktitle = "First International Conference on the Practical Application of Intelligent Agents and Multi-Agent Technology", url = "http://ecommerce.media.mit.edu/papers/paam96.pdf", } @InProceedings{RVA97, authorkey = "RenS VenkatasubramanianN AghaG", author = "S. Ren and N. Venkatasubramanian and G. Agha", title = "{Formalizing multimedia QoS constrains using actors}", booktitle = "Proceedings 2nd Internation Conference on Formal Methods for Open Object-based Distributed Systems (FMOODS)", editor = "H. Bowman and J. Derrick", year = "1997", pages = "139--156", keyword = "quality of service", url = "http://yangtze.cs.uiuc.edu/~nvenkata/papers/fmoods97/ifip.ps", } @TechReport{Dartmouth:TR98-327, authorkey = "GrayRS", author = "Robert S. Gray", title = "{Agent Tcl: A flexible and secure mobile-agent system}", institution = "Dartmouth College, Computer Science", address = "Hanover, NH", number = "PCS-TR98-327", year = "1998", month = jan, url = "ftp://ftp.cs.dartmouth.edu/TR/TR98-327.ps.Z", abstract = "A mobile agent is an autonomous program that can migrate under its own control from machine to machine in a heterogeneous network. In other words, the program can suspend its execution at an arbitrary point, transport itself to another machine, and then resume execution from the point of suspension. Mobile agents have the potential to provide a {\em single, general framework} in which a wide range of distributed applications can be implemented efficiently and easily. Several challenges must be faced, however, most notably reducing migration overhead, protecting a machine from malicious agents (and an agent from malicious machines), and insulating the agent against network and machine failures. Agent Tcl is a mobile-agent system under development at Dartmouth College that has evolved from a Tcl-only system into a multiple-language system that currently supports Tcl, Java, and Scheme. In this thesis, we examine the motivation behind mobile agents, describe the base Agent Tcl system and its security mechanisms for protecting a machine against malicious agents, and analyze the system's current performance. Finally, we discuss the security, fault-tolerance and performance enhancements that will be necessary for Agent Tcl and mobile agents in general to realize their full potential.", } @InCollection{barbuceanu:95b, authorkey = "BarbuceanuM FoxMS", author = "M. Barbuceanu and M. S. Fox", title = "The Architecture of an Agent Building Shell", booktitle = "Intelligent Agents II (LNAI 1037)", editor = "M. Wooldridge and J. P. M{\"u}ller and M. Tambe", publisher = "Springer-Verlag: Heidelberg, Germany", pages = "235--251", year = "1996", } @InCollection{beyssade:95a, authorkey = "BeyssadeC EnjalbertP LefevreC", author = "C. Beyssade and P. Enjalbert and C. Lef{\`e}vre", title = "Cooperating Logical Agents: Model, Applications", booktitle = "Intelligent Agents II (LNAI 1037)", editor = "M. Wooldridge and J. P. M{\"u}ller and M. Tambe", publisher = "Springer-Verlag: Heidelberg, Germany", pages = "299--314", year = "1996", } @InCollection{giroux:95a, authorkey = "GirouxS", author = "S. Giroux", title = "Open Reflective Agents", booktitle = "Intelligent Agents II (LNAI 1037)", editor = "M. Wooldridge and J. P. M{\"u}ller and M. Tambe", publisher = "Springer-Verlag: Heidelberg, Germany", pages = "315--330", year = "1996", } @InCollection{gmytrasiewicz:95b, authorkey = "GmytrasiewiczPJ", author = "P. J. Gmytrasiewicz", title = "On Reasoning About Other Agents", booktitle = "Intelligent Agents II (LNAI 1037)", editor = "M. Wooldridge and J. P. M{\"u}ller and M. Tambe", publisher = "Springer-Verlag: Heidelberg, Germany", pages = "143--155", year = "1996", } @InCollection{iglesias:95a, authorkey = "IglesiasCA GonzalezJC VelascoJR", author = "C. A. Iglesias and J. C. Gonz\'alez and J. R. Velasco", title = "{MIX}: {A} General Purpose MultiAgent Architecture", booktitle = "Intelligent Agents II (LNAI 1037)", editor = "M. Wooldridge and J. P. M{\"u}ller and M. Tambe", publisher = "Springer-Verlag: Heidelberg, Germany", pages = "251--266", year = "1996", } @InCollection{lesperance:95a, authorkey = "LesperanceY LevesqueHJ LinF MarcuD ReiterR ScherlRB", author = "Y. Lesp{\'e}rance and H. J. Levesque and F. Lin and D. Marcu and R. Reiter and R. B. Scherl", title = "Foundations of a Logical Approach to Agent Programming", booktitle = "Intelligent Agents II (LNAI 1037)", editor = "M. Wooldridge and J. P. M{\"u}ller and M. Tambe", publisher = "Springer-Verlag: Heidelberg, Germany", pages = "331--346", year = "1996", url = "http://www.isi.edu/~marcu/papers/agentprog.ps", } @InCollection{linder:95a, authorkey = "LinderB HoekW MeyerJJC", author = "B. van Linder and W. van der Hoek and J. J. Ch. Meyer", title = "How to Motivate Your Agents", booktitle = "Intelligent Agents II (LNAI 1037)", editor = "M. Wooldridge and J. P. M{\"u}ller and M. Tambe", publisher = "Springer-Verlag: Heidelberg, Germany", pages = "17--32", year = "1996", } @InCollection{malheiro:95a, authorkey = "MalheiroB OliveiraE", author = "B. Malheiro and E. Oliveira", title = "Consistency and Context Management in a Multi-Agent Belief Revision Testbed", booktitle = "Intelligent Agents II (LNAI 1037)", editor = "M. Wooldridge and J. P. M{\"u}ller and M. Tambe", publisher = "Springer-Verlag: Heidelberg, Germany", pages = "361--375", year = "1996", url = "http://www.ncc.up.pt/~bene/publications/atal-ln95.ps.gz", } @InCollection{mayfield:95a, authorkey = "MayfieldJ LabrouY FininT", author = "J. Mayfield and Y. Labrou and T. Finin", title = "{Evaluating {KQML} as an Agent Communication Language}", booktitle = "Intelligent Agents II (LNAI 1037)", editor = "M. Wooldridge and J. P. M{\"u}ller and M. Tambe", publisher = "Springer-Verlag: Heidelberg, Germany", pages = "347--360", year = "1996", url = "http://www.cs.umbc.edu/lait/papers/kqml-eval.ps", abstract = "This chapter discusses the desirable features of languages and protocols for communication among intelligent information agents. These desiderata are divided into seven categories: form, content, semantics, implementation, networking, environment, and reliability. The Knowledge Query and Manipulation Language (KQML) is a new language and protocol for exchanging information and knowledge. This work is part of a larger effort, the ARPA Knowledge Sharing Effort, which is aimed at developing techniques and methodologies for building large--scale knowledge bases that are sharable and reusable. KQML is both a message format and a message--handling protocol to support run--time knowledge sharing among agents. KQML is described and evaluated as an agent communication language relative to the desiderata.", } @InCollection{mueller:95a, authorkey = "MullerJP", author = "J. P. M{\"u}ller", title = "A Markovian Model for Interaction among Behavior-based Agents", booktitle = "Intelligent Agents II (LNAI 1037)", editor = "M. Wooldridge and J. P. M{\"u}ller and M. Tambe", publisher = "Springer-Verlag: Heidelberg, Germany", pages = "376--391", year = "1996", } @InCollection{mullen:95b, authorkey = "MullenT WellmanMP", author = "T. Mullen and M. P. Wellman", title = "Some Issues in the Design of Market-Oriented Agents", booktitle = "Intelligent Agents II (LNAI 1037)", editor = "M. Wooldridge and J. P. M{\"u}ller and M. Tambe", publisher = "Springer-Verlag: Heidelberg, Germany", pages = "283--298", year = "1996", } @InCollection{norman:95a, authorkey = "NormanTJ LongD", author = "T. J. Norman and D. Long", title = "Alarms: An Implementation of Motivated Agency", booktitle = "Intelligent Agents II (LNAI 1037)", editor = "M. Wooldridge and J. P. M{\"u}ller and M. Tambe", publisher = "Springer-Verlag: Heidelberg, Germany", pages = "219--234", year = "1996", url = "ftp://ftp.elec.qmw.ac.uk/pub/isag/distributed-ai/publications/ATAL95.ps.gz", } @InCollection{rao:95c, authorkey = "RaoAS", author = "Anand S. Rao", title = "Decision Procedures for Propositional Linear-Time {Belief-Desire-Intention} Logics", booktitle = "Intelligent Agents II (LNAI 1037)", editor = "M. Wooldridge and J. P. M{\"u}ller and M. Tambe", publisher = "Springer-Verlag: Heidelberg, Germany", pages = "33--48", year = "1996", } @InCollection{sloman:95a, authorkey = "SlomanA PoliR", author = "A. Sloman and R. Poli", title = "{SIM\_AGENT}: {A} Toolkit for Exploring Agent Designs", booktitle = "Intelligent Agents II (LNAI 1037)", editor = "M. Wooldridge and J. P. M{\"u}ller and M. Tambe", publisher = "Springer-Verlag: Heidelberg, Germany", pages = "392--407", year = "1996", url = "http://www.cs.bham.ac.uk/~axs/cog\_affect/Aaron.Sloman\_Riccardo.Poli\_sim\_agent\_toolkit.ps.gz", abstract = "SIM\_AGENT is a toolkit that arose out of a project concerned with designing an architecture for an autonomous agent with human-like capabilities. Analysis of requirements showed a need to combine a wide variety of richly interacting mechanisms, including independent asynchronous sources of motivation and the ability to reflect on which motives to adopt, when to achieve them, how to achieve them, and so on. These internal `management' (and meta-management) processes involve a certain amount of parallelism, but resource limits imply the need for explicit control of attention. Such control problems can lead to emotional and other characteristically human affective states. In order to explore these ideas, we needed a toolkit to facilitate experiments with various architectures in various environments, including other agents. The paper outlines requirements and summarises the main design features of a Pop-11 toolkit supporting both rule-based and `sub-symbolic' mechanisms. Some experiments including hybrid architectures and genetic algorithms are summarised.", } @InCollection{tambe:95bc, authorkey = "TambeM RosenbloomPS", author = "M. Tambe and P. S. Rosenbloom", title = "Agent Tracking in Real-Time Dynamic Environments", booktitle = "Intelligent Agents II (LNAI 1037)", editor = "M. Wooldridge and J. P. M{\"u}ller and M. Tambe", publisher = "Springer-Verlag: Heidelberg, Germany", pages = "156--170", year = "1996", } @InCollection{vidal:95b, authorkey = "VidalJM DurfeeEH", author = "J. M. Vidal and E. H. Durfee", title = "Recursive Agent Modeling using Limited Rationality", booktitle = "Intelligent Agents II (LNAI 1037)", editor = "M. Wooldridge and J. P. M{\"u}ller and M. Tambe", publisher = "Springer-Verlag: Heidelberg, Germany", pages = "171--186", year = "1996", } @InCollection{CugiFalcMuss:88, authorkey = "CuginiU FalcidienoB MussioP", author = "U. Cugini and B. Falcidieno and P. Mussio", title = "Exploiting knowledge in a {CAD}/{CAM} architecture", booktitle = "Intelligent {CAD} {II}", publisher = "North-Holland", address = "Amsterdam, The Netherlands", year = "1988", } @InProceedings{IJCAI95_WATAL*17, authorkey = "LinderB HoekW MeyerJJC", author = "B. van Linder and W. van der Hoek and J.-J. Ch. Meyer", title = "Formalising Motivational Attitudes of Agents : On Preferences, Goals, and Commitments", pages = "17--32", ISBN = "3-540-60805-2", editor = "Michael Wooldridge and J{\"o}rg P. M{\"u}ller and Milind Tambe", booktitle = "Proceedings on the {IJCAI} Workshop on Intelligent Agents {II} : Agent Theories, Architectures, and Languages", month = "19--20~" # aug, series = "LNAI", volume = "1037", publisher = "Springer-Verlag: Heidelberg, Germany", year = "1996", url = "http://www.cs.ruu.nl/~bernd/publications/atal95.ps", } @InProceedings{IJCAI95_WATAL*33, authorkey = "RaoAS", author = "Anand S. Rao", title = "Decision Procedures for Propositional Linear-Time Belief-Desire-Intention Logics", pages = "33--48", ISBN = "3-540-60805-2", editor = "Michael Wooldridge and J{\"o}rg P. M{\"u}ller and Milind Tambe", booktitle = "Proceedings on the {IJCAI} Workshop on Intelligent Agents {II} : Agent Theories, Architectures, and Languages", month = "19--20~" # aug, series = "LNAI", volume = "1037", publisher = "Springer-Verlag: Heidelberg, Germany", year = "1996", } @InProceedings{IJCAI95_WATAL*49, authorkey = "SinghMP", author = "Munindar P. Singh", title = "Semantical Considerations on Some Primitives for Agent Specification", pages = "49--64", ISBN = "3-540-60805-2", editor = "Michael Wooldridge and J{\"o}rg P. M{\"u}ller and Milind Tambe", booktitle = "Proceedings on the {IJCAI} Workshop on Intelligent Agents {II} : Agent Theories, Architectures, and Languages", month = "19--20~" # aug, series = "LNAI", volume = "1037", publisher = "Springer-Verlag: Heidelberg, Germany", year = "1996", url = "http://www4.ncsu.edu/eos/info/dblab/www/mpsingh/papers/mas/atal-95.ps", } @InProceedings{IJCAI95_WATAL*65, authorkey = "TraversoP SpalazziL GiunchigliaF", author = "Paolo Traverso and Luca Spalazzi and Fausto Giunchiglia", title = "Reasoning About Acting, Sensing, and Failure Handling: {A} Logic for Agents Embedded in the Real World", pages = "65--78", ISBN = "3-540-60805-2", editor = "Michael Wooldridge and J{\"o}rg P. M{\"u}ller and Milind Tambe", booktitle = "Proceedings on the {IJCAI} Workshop on Intelligent Agents {II} : Agent Theories, Architectures, and Languages", month = "19--20~" # aug, series = "LNAI", volume = "1037", publisher = "Springer-Verlag: Heidelberg, Germany", year = "1996", } @InProceedings{IJCAI95_WATAL*79, authorkey = "WooldridgeM", author = "Michael Wooldridge", title = "Time, Knowledge, and Choice", pages = "79--96", ISBN = "3-540-60805-2", editor = "Michael Wooldridge and J{\"o}rg P. M{\"u}ller and Milind Tambe", booktitle = "Proceedings on the {IJCAI} Workshop on Intelligent Agents {II} : Agent Theories, Architectures, and Languages", month = "19--20~" # aug, series = "LNAI", volume = "1037", publisher = "Springer-Verlag: Heidelberg, Germany", year = "1996", url = "http://www.elec.qmw.ac.uk/dai/people/mikew/pubs/atal95.ps", } @InProceedings{IJCAI95_WATAL*97, authorkey = "HexmoorHH", author = "Henry H. Hexmoor", title = "Learning Routines", pages = "97--110", ISBN = "3-540-60805-2", editor = "Michael Wooldridge and J{\"o}rg P. M{\"u}ller and Milind Tambe", booktitle = "Proceedings on the {IJCAI} Workshop on Intelligent Agents {II} : Agent Theories, Architectures, and Languages", month = "19--20~" # aug, series = "LNAI", volume = "1037", publisher = "Springer-Verlag: Heidelberg, Germany", year = "1996", } @InProceedings{IJCAI95_WATAL*111, authorkey = "Chu-CarrollJ CarberryS", author = "Jennifer Chu-Carroll and Sandra Carberry", title = "Conflict Detection and Resolution in Collaborative Planning", pages = "111--126", ISBN = "3-540-60805-2", editor = "Michael Wooldridge and J{\"o}rg P. M{\"u}ller and Milind Tambe", booktitle = "Proceedings on the {IJCAI} Workshop on Intelligent Agents {II} : Agent Theories, Architectures, and Languages", month = "19--20~" # aug, series = "LNAI", volume = "1037", publisher = "Springer-Verlag: Heidelberg, Germany", year = "1996", } @InProceedings{IJCAI95_WATAL*127, authorkey = "BicchieriC EphratiE AntonelliA", author = "Cristina Bicchieri and Eithan Ephrati and Aldo Antonelli", title = "Games Servers Play : {A} Procedural Approach", pages = "127--142", ISBN = "3-540-60805-2", editor = "Michael Wooldridge and J{\"o}rg P. M{\"u}ller and Milind Tambe", booktitle = "Proceedings on the {IJCAI} Workshop on Intelligent Agents {II} : Agent Theories, Architectures, and Languages", month = "19--20~" # aug, series = "LNAI", volume = "1037", publisher = "Springer-Verlag: Heidelberg, Germany", year = "1996", } @InProceedings{IJCAI95_WATAL*143, authorkey = "GmytrasiewiczPJ", author = "Piotr J. Gmytrasiewicz", title = "On Reasoning About Other Agents", pages = "143--155", ISBN = "3-540-60805-2", editor = "Michael Wooldridge and J{\"o}rg P. M{\"u}ller and Milind Tambe", booktitle = "Proceedings on the {IJCAI} Workshop on Intelligent Agents {II} : Agent Theories, Architectures, and Languages", month = "19--20~" # aug, series = "LNAI", volume = "1037", publisher = "Springer-Verlag: Heidelberg, Germany", year = "1996", } @InProceedings{IJCAI95_WATAL*156, authorkey = "TambeM RosenbloomPS", author = "Milind Tambe and Paul S. Rosenbloom", title = "Architectures for Agents that Track Other Agents in Multi-Agent Worlds", pages = "156--170", ISBN = "3-540-60805-2", editor = "Michael Wooldridge and J{\"o}rg P. M{\"u}ller and Milind Tambe", booktitle = "Proceedings on the {IJCAI} Workshop on Intelligent Agents {II} : Agent Theories, Architectures, and Languages", month = "19--20~" # aug, series = "LNAI", volume = "1037", publisher = "Springer-Verlag: Heidelberg, Germany", year = "1996", url = "http://www.isi.edu/teamcore/tambe/papers/96/AT/ATAL2.ps", } @InProceedings{IJCAI95_WATAL*171, authorkey = "VidalJM DurfeeEH", author = "Jos{\'e} M. Vidal and Edmund H. Durfee", title = "Using Recursive Agent Models Effectively", pages = "171--186", ISBN = "3-540-60805-2", editor = "Michael Wooldridge and J{\"o}rg P. M{\"u}ller and Milind Tambe", booktitle = "Proceedings on the {IJCAI} Workshop on Intelligent Agents {II} : Agent Theories, Architectures, and Languages", month = "19--20~" # aug, series = "LNAI", volume = "1037", publisher = "Springer-Verlag: Heidelberg, Germany", year = "1996", url = "ftp://ftp.eecs.umich.edu/people/durfee/IA-v2.ps.Z", } @InProceedings{Ali:1995:ISS, title = "Interpreting Spread Sheet Data for Human-Agent Interactions", authorkey = "AliSS HallerS", author = "Syed S. Ali and Susan Haller", notes = "(Additional Papers)", booktitle = "Proceedings of the CIKM '95 Workshop on Intelligent Information Agents", year = "1995", address = "Baltimore, Maryland", editor = "Tim Finin and James Mayfield", url = "http://www.cs.umbc.edu/~cikm/iia/submitted/viewing/ali.ps", } @InProceedings{gray:95, authorkey = "GrayRS", author = "Robert S. Gray", title = "{Agent Tcl: A Transportable Agent System.}", booktitle = "Proceedings of the CIKM Workshop on Intelligent Information Agents, Fourth International Conference on Information and Knowledge Management (CIKM '95)", address = "Baltimore, Maryland", year = "1995", editor = "Tim Finin and James Mayfield", url = "http://www.cs.dartmouth.edu/~agent/papers/cikm95.ps.Z", abstract = "Agent Tcl is a transportable-agent system that is under development at Dartmouth College. A transportable agent is a named program that can migrate from machine to machine in a heterogeneous network. Such programs are a powerful tool for implementing information agents since the electronic resources in a user's information space are often distributed across a network and can contain tremendous quantities of data. Sending a user-specific program to the network location of the resource is often the most convenient and e